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  来源:市值观察

  近期,城商行一哥江苏银行发布了2024年财报,这份新管理层履职一年来的成绩单固然稳健,但净息差依旧承压、零售业务资产质量风险暴露和利润腰斩、运营成本攀升等依然值得警惕。

  01

  “葛袁配”一周年

  盈利仍有压力

  截至当前,江苏银行现任董事长葛仁余和行长袁军任职已有一周年,这一年里新管理层并不轻松。

  最新财报显示,2024年全年江苏银行实现营业收入808.15亿,同比增长8.78%,归母净利润318.43亿,同比增长10.76%。单就增速而言在行业息差承压的环境下表现尚可,但在业务层面的缺陷依然突出。

  具体来看,2024年江苏银行的营收增速相比2023年出现了反弹,主要受利息净收入和投资收益的增长推动。

  其中,2024年江苏银行利息净收入同比增长了6.29%至559.57亿,相比2023年的近乎平增明显反弹。这一点好于大多数同业商业银行。资产规模增速加快和利息支出的管控对利息净收入起到了支撑作用。

  2024年,江苏银行实现总资产规模3.95万亿,同比增长了16.12%,增速创出了近年来新高。由此也一定程度上减缓了净息差的下降速度,相比2023年下降了0.12%至1.86%,但下降趋势依然存在。

  随着江苏银行资产规模的快速增长,管理费用开支也在加快,2024年业务及管理费用为199.83亿,同比增长12.11%,其中涉及业务费用投入69.77亿,同比大增32.52%。高增的费用虽然推动了业务增长,但增速必然不可持续。

  需要注意的是。2024年其投资收益虽然增长了20.86%至146.5亿,看似增速很快,但下半年随着权益市场回暖实现收益65.66亿,仅略高于2023年下半年的62.38亿,低于预期。

  除了投资收益外,江苏银行的中收手续费业务依旧没有起色,实现净收入44.17亿,同比增长了3.29%,在营收中占比5.47%,这一比例在上市商业银行中处于较低位置,而早在2016年还尚为18.51%,反映出其轻资产业务已出现短板。

  与江苏银行营收增速出现反弹不同,其净利润仍在下滑,而且还是在“家底”拨备率同比下滑了28.03%至350.1%的情况下,说明其盈利压力依然巨大。

  另外,资产质量同样是左右江苏银行业绩增长的重要变量。

  02

  资产质量离不开“高核销”

  整体来看,2024年江苏银行的不良率以稳为主,0.89%相较2023年的0.91%继续下降,但通过研究不难看出,其资产质量的稳定离不开“高核销”,且部分指标也有恶化迹象。

  一方面,2024年在江苏银行计提的648.51亿的贷款减值准备中,涉及不良贷款的转销金额达248.76亿,相比2023年的163.35亿大幅增加了52.29%。

  从全年角度来看,上半年江苏银行核销了108.62亿不良贷款,下半年的核销金额进一步加快,环比增长了1.29倍至140.14亿,暴露了其内部不良资产生成速度加快的风险。

  同时,2024年江苏银行的正常贷款迁徙率从2023年的2.13%进一步提升至2.36%,意味着正常贷款转变为关注、次级、可疑等其他资产质量类别的比例不断提高。

  且有着“不良贷款蓄水池”之称的关注类贷款余额为293.6亿,同比增长了21.5%,关注类贷款率也提升了0.06%至1.4%。

  江苏银行的逾期贷款的增长情况也值得关注。近年来其逾期贷款金额增速开始加快,2024年同比增长了22.48%至235.52亿,高于2023年的18.08%。

  在江苏银行各贷款期限中,尤其是3个月以内及3个月到一年的短期借款存在恶化迹象,2024年分别同比增长了13.97%、35.94%至102.12亿和101.46亿,直接推升了逾期贷款规模。

  从信贷减值损失看,作为除拨备率外的又一个利润调节指标,2024年江苏银行的信贷减值损失相比2023年增加了10.86%至183.77亿,结束了近年来的下降趋势,也说明了资产质量问题有所抬头。

  从细分行业看,江苏银行财报中披露的不良率情况并不全面,没有披露全部对公不良率,第四大对公行业批发零售业不良率提升较快,同比提升了0.47%至2.37%。地产行业不良率虽有所下降,但2.2%的数据依然较高。

  同时,江苏银行零售业务的资产质量恶化也值得重视。

  03

  零售业务拖后腿

  江苏银行的零售业务是此前规模和利润增长的重要推手,但当下这种效应已经大为减缓甚至开始拖后腿,向对公业务转型的阵痛开始显现。

  早在2020年之前江苏银行的零售贷款增速还在20%以上,2019年甚至高达38.97%,但此后增速便逐渐下滑,到2024年已经降至不足5%。

  从规模对比来看,自2020年至今江苏银行的对公贷款规模已经增长超过了1倍,而同期零售贷款仅增长了43.6%。

  影响江苏银行零售业务增长的原因一是地产行业下行下占大头的个人按揭贷款增长放缓,更为重要一点的是零售业务的风险敞口开始暴露。

  近年来,江苏银行个人金融业务计提的信用减值损失增长较快,由2021年的55.67亿增长至2024年的117.94亿,而期间公司金融则一直在百亿左右徘徊。要知道2024年对公贷款1.32万亿规模已经接近零售贷款0.67万亿的一倍。

  正因如此,江苏银行个人金融业务的利润总额大幅下滑,相较于2023年的98.49亿腰斩至44.8亿。

  值得一提的是,2024年3月江苏银行的个人贷款70.9亿未偿本息以0.5折拍卖的消息备受市场关注。

  具体来说,2024年江苏银行的个人经营贷不良率明显提升,相比2023年提升了0.55%至2.04%。同时财报虽没有披露江苏银行零售贷款第一大业务消费贷的不良率,也或是造成不良风险敞口的重要原因。

  在零售贷款的几大业务中,一般而言个人按揭贷款是商业银行最为优质的资产之一,不良率普遍较低,出现明显的风险敞口概率很低,而消费贷由于面向的人群较广,信用背景较为复杂,在经济增长压力加大的背景下更容易出现风险敞口,也是当前商业银行不良资产的重要来源。

  并且江苏银行的个人经营贷在零售贷款中的占比并不高,2024年仅9.57%,而消费贷占比达47.84%,相比之下消费贷更能推带动个人金融信贷减值的提升。

  值得注意的是,2024年江苏银行的消费贷规模同比仅增长了2.69%,相比2023年的14.63%明显放缓,也或是受到了不良资产增加的影响。

  随着江苏银行零售业务陷入低迷,对公业务则扛起了规模增长的大旗。在江苏银行的六大发展战略中,做强公司业务和做大零售业务分别位列前两位,在零售业务疲弱的当下希望对公业务能弥补缺项。

  在对公行业,2024年江苏银行五篇大文章相关领域增长较快,就比如实现绿色融资5509亿,同比增长22.4%;科技贷款余额2326亿,同比增长22.8%等。对公贷款前三大行业租赁和商务服务业、制造业、水利公共设施管理业增长均较快。

  但问题在于,商业银行的零售贷款相对于对公贷款收益率更高,江苏银行零售业务增长放缓叠加近年来贷款收益率的不断下行,对公业务将承受更多增长压力,且能否持续保持高增长还是未知数。

  作为城商行一哥,江苏银行这份稳健财报之下资产质量暗藏隐忧,也是新一届管理层要重点面对的挑战。尤其是零售业务,如果不能有效处理不良问题,未来对盈利的影响还将持续显现。

  热点品种分析

  一、商品指数

  央行网站消息,为保持银行体系流动性充裕,2025年4月25日(周五),中国人民银行将以固定数量、利率招标、多重价位中标方式开展6000亿元MLF操作,期限为1年期。

  4月有1000亿元MLF到期,3月末MLF余额41570亿元,因此在4月25日操作后,MLF余额增加5000亿元至46570亿元。

  记者注意到,MLF已连续两月净投放,相对于3月净投放630亿元,4月净投放5000亿元,幅度明显增加。

  中信证券首席经济学家明明团队在接受《每日经济新闻》记者采访时指出,4月MLF净投放规模是2023年12月以来的最高水准。不再具备政策利率属性的MLF作为常规流动性工具,用以释放中长期流动性。

  自今年3月起,MLF操作由单一价位中标调整为多重价位中标(即美式招标),回归流动性投放工具定位,与其他各期限工具一同构成央行流动性工具体系。

  明明团队指出,MLF回归常规流动性工具定位后,需关注买断式逆回购净投放情况。3月MLF回归超额续作且净投放630亿元,而4月MLF操作延续了超额续作,净投放规模放量至5000亿元,是2023年12月以来的最高水准。不再具备政策利率属性的MLF作为常规流动性工具,用以释放中长期流动性。

  明明团队进一步指出,另一方面,4月买断式逆回购到期规模较大,共有1.2万亿元的3M以及5000亿元的6M买断式逆回购到期,MLF本次加大投放规模也可能是为了配合对冲买断式逆回购的到期压力。往后看,仍需关注4月买断式逆回购的净投放情况。

  值得注意的是,政府债供给高峰临近,明明团队认为,宽货币发力维护流动性充裕。4月以来资金面相对宽松,但下周劳动节假期将至,资金可能面临一定的跨节压力。另一方面,当下超长期特别国债和注资特别国债发行计划已经公布,且第一批特别国债的发行在4月24日已经落地。往后看,预计5月政府债供给压力或加大,其中5Y、7Y注资国债各有一支发行,有2支30Y特别国债,以及20Y、50Y超长期特别国债各一支发行;此外,一般国债中有两支10Y国债发行,料将对流动性市场形成一定扰动。央行4月放量MLF净投放,也可能是为了对冲后续政府债的供给对长期流动性的压力。

  对于MLF净投放增加,东方金诚首席宏观分析师王青分析,背后可能有两个原因:一是本月启动今年1.3万亿元超长期特别国债和5000亿元特别国债发行,加之未来一段时间地方政府债券还会保持较快发行节奏,都意味着债市将迎来更大规模的发行高峰,需要央行通过适当的流动性安排,确保政府债券顺利发行。这体现了货币政策与财政政策之间的协调配合。二是4月外部经贸环境骤然发生变化,宏观政策将在稳增长方向显著加力。其中,央行大幅加量续作MLF,体现了保持流动性充裕,加大对实体经济支持力度的政策取向,释放了货币政策稳增长发力的信号。

  明明团队分析,MLF宽幅净投放,中标利率或存在下行空间。3月以来,MLF采取多重价位招标方式,其利率定价更加市场化,或更有效地反映市场中长期负债成本定价。当下1Y同业存单利率回落至1.75%附近,相较于3月1.9%以上的中枢大幅下行。结合MLF多重价位中标模式,以及本次5000亿元的宽幅净投放规模,本次MLF中标利率或相较于3月存在进一步下行的空间,有助于压降商业银行负债成本。

  王青判断,本月央行买断式逆回购也会处于较大规模净投放状态,且后期不排除降准较快落地的可能。

  政策利率属性淡出后,MLF的工具定位也更为清晰,即聚焦于提供1年期流动性。目前央行流动性工具箱丰富,期限分布更趋合理,长期有降准、国债买卖,中期有MLF、买断式逆回购操作以及各类结构性工具,短期有公开市场7天期逆回购、临时隔夜正、逆回购。未来央行流动性管理将更加高效精准,调控力度和节奏更加科学灵活,更好兼顾多重目标。

  铁路运营商联合太平洋公司周四公布的第一季度利润和营收未达华尔街预期,主要受汽车运输量疲软和燃油附加费降低的影响,其股价在盘前交易中下跌了3.5%。

  这家总部位于内布拉斯加州奥马哈的公司表示,其货运量受到经济不确定性和煤炭需求减弱的压力。

  随着客户转向更便宜的天然气库存作为能源,联合太平洋公司一直面临煤炭运输需求下降的困境。

  不过,美国总统唐纳德・特朗普上个月签署了旨在促进煤炭生产的行政命令后,这一趋势有望改变。

  该公司还与东海岸的同行诺福克南方公司一样,重申了其年度目标。

  联合太平洋公司表示,其运营比率(一项关键的盈利指标)为60.7%,与去年同期持平。

  该公司多式联运(涉及通过两种或更多运输方式运输货物)的季度营收增长了10%,达到11.9亿美元。

  根据路孚特(LSEG)汇编的数据,经调整后,联合太平洋公司第一季度每股收益为2.70美元,而分析师的平均预期为2.75美元。

  在截至3月31日的季度中,该公司营收略微降至60.3亿美元,而市场预期为60.8亿美元。

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