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中山市

美国真正想要的是什么?是保住名义规模最大经济体的名头,还是为其国民提供财富和繁荣?

自去年美国总统大选以来,我一直在定期评论特朗普议程的各个方面以及它对美国、金融市场和世界其他地区可能意味着什么。该议程引发了不少混乱,但鉴于总统的政策制定“手法”粗笨且反复无常,这在很大程度上是意料之内的。

正如我在2月份和3月的评论中所指出的那样,其他经济体可能会通过提振内需、减少对美国消费者和金融市场的依赖来应对特朗普的冒犯。如果说目前的混乱局面尚有一些积极之处的话,那就是欧洲和中国已经开始寻求这种改变。德国正在放松“债务刹车”并允许实施急需的投资,而中国正在研究各类刺激国内消费选项。

对于所有依赖国际贸易和市场的国家来说,即便能够说服美国收敛其贸易战政策,新的贸易安排显然也是很有必要的。许多国家已经在想方设法增加彼此之间的贸易,同时针对迅速增长的服务贸易制定各类新安排以降低其非关税壁垒。

G7(七国集团)其他成员(加拿大、法国、德国、意大利、日本和英国)的合共体量几乎与美国一样大。再加上英国首相斯塔默“意愿联盟”的其他参与者,这些美国昔日盟友可以抵消特朗普关税造成的大部分损失。同理,如果中国能与印度和其他较大型新兴经济体密切协调去重新设计“一带一路”倡议,那也可能是变革性的。

这些举措将减轻美国关税政策和威胁的影响,但想实现它们可不容易——如果容易的话早就实现了。当今的贸易和金融安排包含了各种政治、文化和历史因素,而任何有利于中国的现状变化都将受到特朗普政府的阻挠。

因此重要的是其他大型经济体如何刺激内需、动员投资和建立新贸易纽带。在智库布鲁盖尔和荷兰央行最近主办的“全球化与地缘经济碎片化”研讨会上,我再次意识到,自本世纪初以来全球GDP的增长究竟失衡到了什么程度。对2000~2024年的年度名义GDP数据进行的简单分析表明,美国、中国、欧元区和印度合计贡献了全部增长的近70%,而美中两国又几乎占据了其中50%。

这一发现进一步凸显了一个事实,那就是美国的关税威胁必须以其他地区更高的国内需求来应对。但这里有一个现实问题:唯一能凭一己之力将自身需求和进口提高到足以弥补美国在全球经济中所流失份额的其他国家就是中国。

但如果中国并不是单打独斗呢?正如我们已经看到的那样,欧洲人已经在采取措施增加投资和国防开支,这既有利于欧盟经济,也有利于英国等其他国家。当然印度近年来的经济增长速度也快于许多其他国家,这表明该国具备一定空间来出台更多国内刺激措施。那如果所有这些经济体都能将自身政策与他人协调起来呢?

这种协调可能无法产生2009年伦敦G20(20国集团)协议那样的全球影响——该协议引入了广泛的全球改革和新机构以解决全球金融危机的成因及其后果。但如果这些国家能向世界其他国家发出信号,表明它们正在进行某种磋商以协调其经济政策并推进共同目标,这可能会产生相当积极的影响。

最后,布鲁盖尔研讨会上的另一项内容让我思索良久。布鲁盖尔高级研究员安德烈·萨皮尔在会上重点指出了日本的崛起(上世纪90年代日本GDP增长到相当于美国的70%左右)与当前中国崛起之间的相似之处。而如同现在一样,当时美国最担心的是自己会被“超越”。但美国真正想要的是什么?是保住名义规模最大经济体的名头,还是为其国民提供财富和繁荣?

这两者并不一定是一回事。美国现政府没搞明白的是其他国家的增长和发展其实可以让美国人自己变得更加富裕。也许有一天美国人能选出能够理解这一基本经济观点的领导人,但现在他们似乎注定要经历多年的动荡和持续的不确定性。

(作者系高盛资产管理公司前主席、英国前财政大臣)

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