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  转自:财联社

  美国总统特朗普本周曾称美联储主席鲍威尔为“大输家”。不过,在特朗普频繁对美联储指手画脚乃至威胁提前解雇鲍威尔的背景下,真正的“大输家”,也许将是目前“八字还没一撇”的下任美联储主席……

  事实上,尽管下任美联储主席将会“花落谁家”眼下还不得而知,但这位注定将由特朗普提名的美联储主席,已很难摆脱一个公众共同的质疑:他/她是否会沦为特朗普的“傀儡”?

  素有“新美联储通讯社”之称的著名记者NickTimiraos周四就撰文表示,尽管特朗普本周已收回了暗示可能解雇鲍威尔的威胁,但他的行为凸显出这场施压美联储运动中更大的输家,很可能将会是他明年选择的鲍威尔继任者。

  Timiraos指出,多位经济学家和美国前政策制定者已表示,特朗普要求美联储降息可能会削弱投资者对下任美联储主席的信心;而投资者也可能质疑鲍威尔的继任者是否与总统就利率问题达成了某种默契。

  Timiraos援引咨询公司DynamicEconomicStrategy总裁、前参议院银行委员会首席经济学家JohnSilvia的观点称,“你无法在如此贬低一个人(鲍威尔)后,又指望市场相信你挑选的继任者会有令人信服的可信度。”

  下任主席还没上台就已不被信任?

  自美联储在1980年代成功遏制高通胀以来,美国政策制定者始终极为珍视联储独立于白宫的地位,因为这往往能使其利率政策更有效。从1990年代的克林顿时期开始,历任美国总统也对美联储采取不干涉态度,因为他们明白将央行官员逼入墙角只会让政策更难如愿实施。

  在1999-2001年曾担任克林顿政府财政部长的知名经济学家劳伦斯·萨默斯表示:“总统公开抨击美联储是愚蠢之举。美联储(在此背景下)要么只能充耳不闻,要么不得不迫于压力刻意证明其独立性——这意味着短期利率反而将维持不变甚至升高。而市场也会因此紧张,导致长期利率上升。”

  事实上,虽然美联储控制着短期利率,但其他利率或资产价格可能会对鲍威尔或其他美联储领导人的言论敏感,因为他们可能会透露经济前景的变化,或暗示这些变化将如何影响未来的利率制定。如果投资者认为美联储已被总统“掌控”,那么总统的言论最终可能会影响利率,从而削弱美联储的权威。

  彼得森国际经济研究所经济学家、美联储前高级顾问大卫·威尔考克斯表示,特朗普近期对鲍威尔的攻击“无疑会给下任主席蒙上猜疑的阴影。

  “你无法抹去对美联储采取威胁姿态的影响”,他分析称,在金融市场参与者眼中“压倒性的可能性”是,下任主席“将让特朗普有充分理由相信,相比对鲍威尔货币政策的不满,新主席会令他满意”。

  特朗普能改造美联储吗?

  当然,目前特朗普究竟能将美联储“改造”到何种程度,眼下还有待观察。

  鲍威尔的现任联储主席任期将于2026年5月结束。特朗普于2018年任命时任美联储理事的鲍威尔为美联储主席,前总统拜登则在2022年时提名其获得了连任。

  明年,特朗普将有机会通过替换至少一名美联储理事,并提名七位理事之一担任主席,开始重塑美联储。值得一提的是,美联储理事的任期长达14年,因而虽然明年5月鲍威尔的主席任期就将结束,但只要他想的话,他依然可选择留任理事至2028年初。

  Timiraos表示,这其实也意味着特朗普通过挑选下任主席重塑美联储的权力,仍面临重要制约。美联储主席的影响力部分源于其凝聚共识、领导12位地区联储主席和6位其他理事(这群人有时难以协调)的能力。在由7位华盛顿理事和5位轮值地区主席组成的联邦公开市场委员会中,主席本身其实也就仅握有12票中的1票。

  Timiraos比喻道,“因此,美联储主席就像橄榄球队的四分卫,他们可以指挥比赛,但无法保证每个人都能按照预期路线前进。”

  “特朗普对自己的美联储主席的掌控力是有限的。他挑选的人选越极端,就越无法带动联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)跟进,”曾任奥巴马时期高级经济顾问的JasonFurman也表示。

  Furman强调,如果特朗普没有获得解雇美联储理事的权力,那么当前美联储的制度系统其实仍存在非常强大的制衡机制,委员会不会对一个完全政治化的主席有任何服从。

  下任美联储主席有哪些热门人选?

  美国财政部长贝森特上周曾表示,美国政府将于今年秋天开始面试美联储职位的候选人。

  目前业内预计的主要竞争者包括前美联储理事凯文·沃什(KevinWarsh)和现任白宫国家经济委员会主任凯文-哈塞特(KevinHassett),前者是小布什总统的顾问,曾在2006年至2011年担任美联储理事。

  贝森特本人也被一些美联储观察人士视为这一职位的可能竞争者。

  此外,美联储理事沃勒于2020年被特朗普任命担任现职至今,一些分析人士认为他也有机会接替鲍威尔。

  沃勒周四表示,央行如何保持独立性的问题将取决于下一任主席。“他上任后会延续央行独立、非政治化制定政策的传统吗?对我而言,这是关键,无论下任主席是谁。”他在采访中表示。

  编辑:马萌伟

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