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  资料来源:Wind吴琦/制表

  证券时报记者吴琦

  在中国反制美国所谓“对等关税”的背景下,国内模拟芯片公司的动向备受市场关注。

  近期,A股模拟芯片概念股走出了独立反弹行情,成为表现亮眼的细分赛道之一。比如,信号链佼佼者思瑞浦涨幅翻倍,国内模拟芯片设计龙头圣邦股份、隔离芯片提供者纳芯微等涨幅也超过了50%。

  由于产品种类多,下游应用广泛,模拟芯片行业曾被不少基金经理认为是长坡厚雪的优质赛道。作为国内少有的自给率较低的行业,模拟芯片龙头公司也成为不少知名科技投资基金经理的“座上宾”。不过,过去几年受全球半导体行业景气周期下行的影响,模拟芯片行业面临着严峻挑战,相关公司股价的表现也跌宕起伏。在此背景下,多数基金经理仍然选择坚定持有,如今随着行业完成“深蹲起跳”也守得云开见月明。

  关税反制举措催化模拟芯片逆袭

  模拟芯片是用于处理模拟信号的芯片,在电子设备管理领域具备电能变换、分配、检测以及信号的放大、转换等功能,包括电源管理芯片和信号链芯片,广泛应用于消费电子、汽车等工业领域。

  近期,中国反制美国关税的“原产地认定”新规(以流片地为准),直接推高了美系厂商成本,并催化模拟芯片板块走强,成为半导体行业中表现最强的细分赛道。

  中欧基金科技组研究员朱啸宇对证券时报记者分析,这一政策调整,对国产模拟芯片企业的市场机会产生了多重结构性影响,主要体现在市场份额与盈利能力方面。当前,中国模拟芯片国产化率约为20%,而全球前十大模拟芯片厂商中半数为美国企业。上述政策实施后,美系厂商成本上升幅度或达125%,导致价格竞争力被大幅削弱。此前,一些国际龙头企业在国内市场通过价格战的方式抢占市场,在反制关税政策落地后,国产模拟芯片企业有望进一步开拓市场,并在一定程度上修复盈利能力。

  “近年来,国内模拟芯片企业发展迅速,多系列产品已经可以完全对标海外竞品,但近两年仍无法回避海外厂商的价格战压力。”平安科技创新混合基金基金经理翟森对证券时报记者表示,目前海外主要竞争对手的流片产地大部分来自美国本土,海外进口产品在遭遇较大的成本上升后,竞争力显著下降,这将显著缓解国产厂商面临的价格竞争压力,推动国内模拟厂商的市占率上升。

  博时上证科创板芯片ETF基金经理李庆阳也认为,模拟芯片作为广泛应用于汽车、消费电子等工业领域的基础元器件,需求刚性较强,新规可能导致美系厂商在华销售成本增加,价格竞争力将大幅削弱。

  他进一步表示,国内市场主要受到以下几点影响:一是直接替代市场空缺。在中低端市场,国内企业在电源管理、信号链等成熟领域已具备竞争力,可快速填补美企因成本压力而退出的市场份额。在高端市场,部分依赖进口的高性能模拟芯片可能因美系产品的价格劣势,倒逼国内终端厂商尝试国产方案,推动本土企业完成技术迭代;二是供应链重构。新规迫使跨国企业重新布局供应链,模拟芯片采用成熟制程较多,而国内企业在这方面已具备一定的工艺能力,这将吸引海外设计公司转向中国流片以规避关税,中国本土模拟芯片企业可借此深度参与全球分工;三是驱动技术升级。模拟芯片性能高度依赖于工艺适配性,新规将推动设计与制造环节深度协同,倒逼国产企业在工艺与设计上加强协同优化。

  朱啸宇预计,随着关税政策持续催化,2025~2027年国产替代率将以年均5~8个百分点的速度提升,头部企业有望在工业控制、新能源汽车等增量市场实现弯道超车。

  一波三折后重回长期增长通道

  长坡厚雪的赛道,经历往往是一波三折,模拟芯片行业也不例外。

  过去几年,受全球半导体行业景气周期下行的较大影响,模拟芯片行业也面临着严峻挑战,基本面明显下滑,不少公司的股价可谓跌宕起伏。

  在此背景下,选择坚定持有模拟芯片相关个股的基金经理,旗下产品的业绩也难免承压。比如,重仓持有圣邦股份的百亿级基金,在2022年净值跌幅一度高达40%,另外重仓该股的多只基金业绩跌幅都在30%以上。到了2024年,以智能手机为代表的消费电子需求触底回暖,工业等领域的需求也进一步恢复,汽车电子等新兴领域则迎来爆发,驱动着模拟芯片行业的经营业绩重回增长。经此调整,选择坚守的一众基金也在2024年和今年实现了正收益。

  叠加近期的政策催化以及国产化率的逐步提升,模拟芯片行业的回暖趋势更加明显,重回长期增长通道可期。

  “目前,原厂、渠道、终端库存仅1~2个月,为近年来的较低水平。”翟森表示,模拟芯片行业后续有望在人工智能(AI)等高端产品线的需求拉动下率先出现拐点。此外,非行业性因素带来供应链的干扰性因素,也有可能造成全行业紧急补库存的需求,从而进一步带动行业回暖。

  “模拟芯片板块确实展现出进入长期增长通道的潜力,需密切关注技术突破的节奏与国际竞争的压力。”李庆阳认为,行业长期增长的驱动要素有几点:一是低自给率的增长潜力。在关税壁垒和原产地认定规则下,国内企业在细分领域已实现了技术对标国际大厂,有望通过“技术突破+成本优势+政策倾斜”加速提升占有率。预计2025年国内市场规模超过3000亿元,自给率提升带来的营收改善或将较为可观;二是库存周期触底与需求复苏。行业库存调整接近尾声,预计国际大厂2025年可能恢复增长。国内部分相关企业一季度营收同比增速较好,显示订单有较为显著的增长,下游需求也有所回暖;三是新兴市场与技术壁垒突破。国内厂商在汽车电子、AI终端、能源管理等高壁垒领域加速渗透,叠加AI终端如智能锁、可穿戴设备等需求爆发,形成增量市场。

  “模拟芯片国产化率较低,库存周期回升确实为行业长期增长奠定基础,但需结合替代空间、技术突破、市场需求等多维度因素综合判断。”朱啸宇表示,国际巨头仍占据主导地位,但国产替代空间广阔,替代趋势确定。在技术突破方面,国产模拟厂商的技术研发持续投入,在多个细分领域实现了突破,例如国产厂商的车规级ADC芯片打破国际垄断,国内企业合作开发的BCD工艺车规级芯片已导入国际新能源汽车供应链。在不久的将来,可以看到国产厂商取得更多的技术进步,追上甚至赶超国际领先水平。从市场需求的角度来看,汽车电子领域单车模拟芯片用量超600颗,国产新能源汽车快速发展,空间广阔,预计汽车电子领域的需求在2024~2030年的复合增长率将超过20%。此外,工业控制领域触底反弹,进入弱复苏状态;消费电子领域持续复苏,AI端侧落地,硬件新形态百花齐放,叠加3C国补,市场需求持续提高。

  朱啸宇认为,当前模拟芯片行业呈现结构性复苏态势,国产化率提升趋势确定,且市场需求也持续提升。随着国产厂商在技术方面快速追赶,国产模拟芯片进入了长期发展通道。

  汇添富基金表示,芯片行业一直是大国竞争的重点领域。从关税争端的长期逻辑来看,保证供应链安全自主可控的重要性再次提升,这将成为市场的一个长线投资逻辑。前期因DeepSeek带来中国科技资产重估叙事而大涨的芯片行业,有望再度回归投资主线。

  从“替代”走向“引领”需加强四大核心能力

  科技股投资具备较高的门槛和风险,对基金经理的专业实力、选股能力、行业经验等要求极高。另外,科技股波动较大,对基金经理长期持有的耐心要求更高。

  国内模拟芯片行业面临着海外巨头的竞争,要想从“替代”走向“引领”,仍有很多路要走。不过,这恰恰也是投资者偏好的科技股成长阶段,未来的投资或有巨大上涨空间。

  “国产模拟芯片从‘替代’走向‘引领’,需要突破技术、生态、产业链等多重壁垒。技术上,要突破高精度与高可靠性设计;供应链上,模拟芯片依赖于工艺与设计的深度耦合。”翟森认为,国内模拟芯片企业要在竞争激烈的市场中突围,需聚焦高增长、高附加值、国产替代潜力大的细分方向。

  朱啸宇分析,当前行业呈现“短期盈利承压、长期渗透率提升”的格局。短期估值反映了市场对国产替代的乐观预期,而2024年毛利率承压则是价格竞争(如部分国际厂商降价抢占市场份额)及库存去化压力的结果。他认为,毛利率承压的制约因素已经随着我国对美加征关税而削弱,而长期国产替代趋势确定且空间广阔,板块整体趋势向好。

  李庆阳认为,未来一段时间,市场需求与国产替代将加速驱动增长。首先,是下游需求的爆发,比如新能源汽车、AIoT、工业自动化等领域的快速增长将成为核心驱动力。他观察到,全球半导体销售额连续多月同比增长,中国半导体市场的销售额也在改善。其次,是国产替代窗口开启,在政策支持及技术突破的推动下有望加速,预计未来3年国产化率的提升空间较大。

  李庆阳表示,国产模拟芯片企业从“替代”到“引领”,需要几个方面的核心能力:一是技术突破与高端产品研发能力。比如,突破认证壁垒、高精度工艺开发等。二是产业链协同与生态构建能力。需与本土晶圆厂深度合作保障产能,与下游应用生态绑定。三是差异化竞争与国际化布局。聚焦细分市场,并参与行业标准制定。四是人才与管理能力。包括研发团队建设,以及敏捷供应链管理等。

  同时,李庆阳提示,模拟芯片行业存在国际巨头降价竞争、技术迭代周期变长、产能过剩等风险。朱啸宇也指出,当前国产模拟芯片企业仍面临产品覆盖度不足(国际龙头企业的产品型号超过8万种)、车规级芯片认证周期长(平均2~3年)等挑战。翟森则表示,如果海外巨头降价竞争,短期存在挤压风险。在价格敏感市场比如中低端消费电子等领域,国产厂商利润率可能会被压缩。此外,国内企业在成本控制能力方面,仍存在一定差距。

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