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Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

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Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

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Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

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Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

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Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82
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  来源:湖畔新言

  在特朗普在4月2日宣布对等关税后,市场首先交易了一波年内美联储降息预期增加,使得美债30年收益率先下行了15个bp。随着贸易战升级,市场对美国国债的避险地位忧虑加深,长期美债加速下跌,30年期美债收益率一度飙升35个bp,至2023年11月以来的最高水平,本周累计升幅超50个bp。有猜测我国央行为了应对美国高额的对等关税而抛售美债,本文我们将简单分析这种猜测的可行性。

  一、美债当前的基本情况

  美国债务总额从2021年后开始大幅度增加,截至当前,美国未偿债务国债总额超过36万亿美元。从美国国债投资者的占比来看,国内投资者持续占据主导地位(接近75%),外国投资者的占比在四分之一左右(8.6万亿美元),且近年来,外国投资者持有美债占比呈现下降态势。

  从外国投资者的持有情况来看,日本、中国和英国为美债持有的前三大国家。我国从2016年中美第一轮贸易战以来开始减持美债,持有美债数量由顶峰时期的1.3万亿美元下降至当前的不到8000亿美元,占全部外国投资者的比重由2008年左右的28%降至当前的8%。日本央行持有的美债比重在2003-2009年出现了显著下降,但近年来降幅缓慢,持有美债量持续位于1万亿美元上方。中国及日本等央行持有美债占比的空白由欧洲及中东国家弥补,但具体到单个国家的美债持有量仍然不大。

  4月8日美国财政部发行了新一期3年期美债,预期利率为3.76%,但实际中标利率为3.784%,证明需求不足。值得注意的是,在此次美债发行中,美国境内投资者获配比例略超6%,为历史最低,显示出美债发行的内部信心不足。另外,有媒体报道美国考虑对境外机构持有的美国金融资产征税。除此之外市场怀疑有投资者在大幅抛售美债,日本和中国这两大美国“债主”都成为了市场的怀疑对象。这三方面原因都造成了美债利率在周内的剧烈拉升异动。

  自特朗普当选以来,部分主要经济体已经开始大幅减少美债持有量,其中欧元区减持超1.2万亿。这一背后,一是由于市场对于特朗普当选采取关税政策挑战全球贸易体系的担忧,美国国际信用度大幅恶化,使得市场对美债避险地位产生疑虑。二是投资者对美国经济信心不足,美债付息压力已占到美国财政收支的20%,叠加近期对等关税影响,市场对美国衰退概率的押注不断提升:短端美债利率下行,中期通胀抬升:长短美债利率上行。

  二、中国抛售美债的潜在逻辑

  我国在2016年减持美国国债1880亿美元,减持规模创下历史最高纪录,而在俄乌冲突发生的2022年,我国政府再度大幅抛售了1732亿美元的美国国债。与此同时,我国央行大幅增持了黄金储备,2015年以来,黄金储备增加了3940万盎司(合计约1225吨,超500亿美元)黄金。另外,从我国央行持有美债的结构来看,长期国债的持有量在持续减少,同时增持了短期国债。从占外国投资者持有长短期美债的比例来看,这一趋势更为明显,我国当前持有的短期美债占外国投资者持有短期美债总额的占比在80%左右,而持有长期美债在所有外国投资者中的占比则持续下降至20%左右。短期美债持有量的增加,有助于控制长期风险。

  我国政府大幅减持美债的时点以及持有美债结构的变动也在一定程度上印证了减持的逻辑。一是中美博弈中长期难解。特朗普从2016年发起了贸易战,在拜登政府上台后略有缓和,再到如今对等关税的全球混乱,即使中间的进程有所波动,但中国的崛起对主导型大国的冲击将在长时间内存在,贸易、经济等方面的制裁和打压风险在长期来看仍然很大,可能会延续到下一个全球新格局的形成。中方在这一过程中主动削减对美敞口,是情理之中的做法。二是全球去美元化风险。巨额美债给美国政府产生了巨大的付息压力,美国两党之争对债务上限造成了不确定性,美国政府运行的稳定性受到冲击,叠加特朗普政府执政风格的大幅摇摆,加剧了全球投资者对美国政府的不信任,多极化世界的发展下,去美元化浪潮从2022年以来在全球各地上演。

  三、中国抛售美债对冲关税的可行性及风险

  首先可以确认的是中国当前拥有对美债市场形成相当冲击力的筹码。我国持有美国国债的占比虽然在近十年来持续减少,但仍然为第二大持有国,短期内大量的抛售会对美债形成卖压,美债价格的波动同样会增加金融市场的不稳定性。同时,这一举动还会增加其他投资者的恐慌,价格螺旋下形成进一步冲击。另外,美国国债年内长债压力巨大,到二季度就有近5万亿美债到期。同时考虑到美国衰退风险增大,叠加前期美国与其他国家协商时曾要求购买美债作为谈判要求,在美债当前并不好卖但又不得不“卖新还旧”的情况下,中国抛售美债的做法可以推高收益率、增加美国财政部发债难度,从而对美国政府形成压力,获取关税谈判的空间和时间。特别是特朗普政府致力于在任期内降低美国政府的融资成本,其与贝森特对美债收益率格外敏感,抛售美债推升利率可能产生的压力效果更为明显。

  从历史上看,大国的美债抛压会推升美债利率上升。例如,2015-2016年间,我国大幅抛售美债,美债收益率在联邦基金利率仅加息一次的情况下,迅速上升,对美债价格形成压制。另外,俄罗斯在2012-2013年和2018年分两次大幅减持美债,减持幅度分别为755亿和893亿美元,对当时美债也形成了一定的短期压力。当前俄罗斯仅持有美债3800万美元,占到美债总额的十万分之一。

  不过同时需要注意的是,我国在2015-2016以及2022-2023年间大幅抛售美债恰逢美国加息周期,对于推升美债利率压力有锦上添花的效果。而当前美联储处于降息周期,虽然鲍威尔秉持独立态度,考虑到关税前景下美国通胀压力不愿降息,但市场对年内降息的预期仍然维持在4次,美国对于美债仍有一定的调整空间。除此之外,当前美国隔夜逆回购余额仅剩2000亿美元不到,短期大量的美债抛售可能会使得美国政府措手不及,不过同样可以看到,在08年金融危机后,美国银行的存款准备金达到3.43万亿,处于历史较高水平,应对部分国家的美债抛售仍有较大冗余。

  总体来看,抛售美债短期内有效,可以对特朗普政府形成一定压力,博取更多的谈判机会和筹码。但若大幅抛售美债,可能会引发一系列的金融风险,引起全球经济震荡和流动性紧张,导致对自身发展环境的反噬。参考美联储在金融危机、全球大流行等期间下场救市降低利率的做法,大幅抛售美债同样可能导致金融市场功能失调,这在一定情况下可能还“帮”了特朗普一把—促使美联储降息,因此掌握卖美债的“火候”相当重要。

  另外,从长期来看,美债收益率与美国联邦基金利率紧密相关,定价权仍然在美国内部。同样,拉长周期,中国不断减持美债,特别是长期美债的确定性在增加。考虑最坏情况下美国金融制裁的影响,减少对美风险敞口是必然趋势。在当前仍然有谈判空间的前景下,我国政府持续小幅抛售长期美债,增持短期美债的方式或仍是最优解。

  风险提示:

  美联储政策风险、特朗普政策风险。

  新湖期货研究所

  宏观金融组:

  黄婷莉

  执业资格号:F03141791

  投资咨询号:Z0021706

  赵歆怡

  从业资格号:F03123556

  投资咨询号:Z0019881

  审核人:李明玉

  执业资格号:F0299477

  投资咨询号:Z0011341

  日期:2025年4月15日

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