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火影之天苍羽 - 禁忌快感下的欲望与挣扎
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火影之天苍羽 - 禁忌快感下的欲望与挣扎

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  遭遇住民宿被偷拍、“秒杀”食品变质、预充值后“闭店”了,咱们该怎么办?

  几个典型案例化解消费者维权痛点

  阅读提示

  在激发消费市场活力的同时,如何积极化解消费矛盾纠纷?

  重庆高院近日发布涉消费者权益保护典型案例,分别涉及民宿游客隐私保障、网购食品安全保护、预付式消费纠纷化解等热点民生问题,以案释法,在维护消费者权益的同时,提醒商家依法规范经营。

  入住民宿被偷拍,经营者是否担责?网购一分钱零食,收到的货变质,能否主张商家赔偿?预充值后遭遇“闭店”,钱还能要回吗……

  近日,重庆市高级人民法院发布涉消费者权益保护典型案例,涵盖民宿游客隐私保障、网购食品安全保护、预付式消费纠纷化解等热点民生问题,通过典型案例示范,充分发挥司法裁判的指引作用,在维护消费者权益的同时,提醒商家依法规范经营。

  入住民宿被偷拍经营者应担责

  2023年3月,游客舒某与女友胡某入住重庆一家民宿。2024年8月,舒某发现自己与女友胡某在该民宿内的私密视频被剪辑后发布到境外网站。舒某立即向公安机关报案,公安机关立案侦查。但因该民宿经过重新装修,未发现隐藏摄像头,也未能查明犯罪嫌疑人。其间,舒某、胡某因情绪低落、精神紧张多次到医院就诊。后舒某、胡某起诉要求经营者权某赔偿医疗费、精神损害抚慰金等。

  重庆市渝中区人民法院审理认为,舒某、胡某入住民宿,权某为两人提供住宿服务,双方建立服务合同关系。权某作为民宿经营者,应当采取必要的安全防范措施,在消费者入住前和退房后对房间进行全面检查,必要时可以使用专业检测设备进行检测,以保证客房内无偷窥、偷拍、偷听等盗摄设备。权某未尽到上述对消费者的安全保障义务,导致舒某、胡某入住期间被偷拍私密视频且该视频在网上传播,对二人造成了损害,应当承担相应的赔偿责任。

  随着国内旅游市场持续活跃,酒店民宿行业迅速发展,为游客提供了更加灵活便捷的住宿选择。但是,因部分民宿经营者管理不规范,导致消费者在住宿期间被偷拍、盗摄的事件时有发生,严重侵犯消费者个人隐私,引发社会广泛关注。审理法官认为,该案中,民宿经营者疏于对客房的全面检查和安全隐患排查,未能发现客房内安装的摄像头,导致消费者被拍摄私密视频且该视频在网上传播,侵犯了公民的隐私权、肖像权。

  记者从渝中区法院了解到,庭审中,权某深刻认识到了问题的严重性,表示愿意支付赔偿款。该案既维护了消费者合法权益,也督促民宿经营者规范经营,采取有效措施防范及制止偷拍、盗摄行为,为消费者提供安全、安心的住宿环境。

  后经法院主持双方调解,权某同意向舒某、胡某每人当庭赔偿1万元。

  “一分钱秒杀”案打破“低价免责”误区

  2024年5月14日,刘某通过一家平台在某食品公司的极低价商品秒杀活动中抢购50包嫩豆腐零食,商品原价为5.99元,叠加平台及商家促销优惠后实际支付一分钱。该食品公司于5月16日发货时未按大豆蛋白制品标准贮存、运输,且快递途经地区气温较高。5月18日,刘某签收后发现5包嫩豆腐零食已出现明显变质、融袋现象,伴有异味。与商家协商赔偿无果后,刘某诉至法院,请求某食品公司退还货款0.01元,并支付惩罚性赔偿金1000元。

  重庆市梁平区人民法院审理认为,案涉嫩豆腐零食系易变质大豆蛋白类食品,其外包装上标有“置于阴凉通风处贮存或冷藏”字样。某食品公司于气温较高月份,仅用塑封包装及普通快递方式运送食品,导致部分食品在运输途中变质,违反了食品安全法等相关法规中关于食品运输的规定,亦不符合大豆蛋白制品的行业运输标准。审理中,经法院调解,某食品公司当庭向刘某支付赔偿款350元,刘某放弃其他诉讼请求。

  北京德恒重庆律师事务所李建律师表示,实际生活中,许多人明知商家有过失,却常因金额太小忍气吞声,而一些商家也常以“特价商品概不退换”推卸责任。该起“一分钱秒杀”案打破了“低价免责”的认知误区,明确即便商家零利润甚至亏本经营,若实施了食品安全法中规定的“经营明知是不符合食品安全标准的食品”的行为,仍需承担惩罚性赔偿责任。

  该案中的消费者基于一分钱交易主张1000元赔偿,突破传统“损失填平”观点,精准诠释惩罚性赔偿制度要义,有效激发小额消费者运用法律武器维护合法权益的主动性。

  以示范诉讼化解群体性消费纠纷

  2022年至2024年期间,重庆袁某、高某等183人与王某经营的美容护肤中心建立美容服务合同关系,约定预充值后服务,并办理预付消费卡。2024年3月,王某闭店,后变更、注销个体工商户登记,导致袁某、高某等183人无法继续接受美容服务。属地消委会在调解无果后,向法院提交支持起诉意见书,支持袁某、高某2人先行提起诉讼,分别诉请王某返还预付消费卡未用金额1.4万元、1.5万元。

  重庆市云阳县人民法院审理认为,在经营者无法按照合同约定继续提供服务的情况下,消费者不能实现合同目的,经营者负有将预付款中尚未消费的部分予以返还或者采取其他补救措施的义务。在法院主持下,袁某、高某与王某达成分期返还预付消费卡未用金额的调解协议。协议生效后,法院联动属地消委会提出三种解决方式——分期返款、实物折抵、第三方承接服务,促成其余181名消费者与王某的预付式消费纠纷得以有效化解。

  据了解,该批预付式消费纠纷进入立案环节后,法官靠前指导,由属地消委会选取典型个案支持起诉,以示范诉讼作为化解纠纷司法样本,提供阶梯式调解方案共同推动其余181起群体性消费纠纷一揽子化解。

  记者在采访中了解到,云阳法院向属地消费领域行业主管部门发出司法建议,建议行政机关健全预付消费卡监管,引导和规范美容、教培等行业预付消费卡发行、使用,由“被动监管”转为“主动预警”,由“单边管理”升级为“多边共治”。(工人日报记者李国)

  最高法发布典型案例,回应社会关注热点

  未成年人在校受伤,学校一定担责吗?(法治聚焦)

  编者按:未成年人保护涉及方方面面,需要全社会共同参与,学校保护是重要一环。人民法院依法支持和维护学校正常的教学管理行为,学校未尽到对在校未成年人教育管理和安全保护职责的,也要承担相应的侵权责任。

  老师对学生教育惩戒尺度怎么把握?孩子在学校受伤,各方责任如何认定?……最高人民法院23日发布涉校园管理民事纠纷典型案例,发挥司法裁判规范、评价、教育、引领功能,通过对相关案件中各方责任的认定,推动学校教育、管理职责落实到位,引导监护人提高责任意识。

  六年级学生放学下楼时摔倒,家长认为学校管理不力

  学校已尽到教育、管理职责的,不承担侵权责任

  六年级学生赵小某在放学下楼时摔倒,带队老师随即联系家长并陪同送医。经诊断,赵小某牙齿受损、嘴唇挫伤擦伤,医嘱建议为18周岁后进行牙桩冠修复。赵小某以学校在放学过程中未安排老师在教室至校门路段组织秩序,存在管理不力为由,诉至法院,要求学校赔偿医疗费等8万元。

  审理法院认为,根据现场勘验结果及证据,赵小某摔倒受伤并非楼梯等设施场所本身缺陷导致。学校已多次对学生进行了校园安全教育宣传,楼梯、墙面等地方张贴了醒目的安全提示标志,尽到了教育职责;赵小某受伤后,学校及时采取了通知家长、陪同就医、调查事发经过等措施,履行了管理职责。赵小某及其法定代理人未能提供证据证明学校存在过错,应承担举证不能的不利后果。据此,法院判决驳回赵小某的诉讼请求。

  最高法表示,校园伤害事件中认定侵权责任,不能仅因事故发生在校园即认定学校一定有责任,而是应当结合未成年人受伤害原因、学校是否已进行常态化安全教育、相关场所设施有无醒目的安全提示标志、事发后有无在第一时间通知家长并陪同就医等因素进行综合判断,避免产生“学生在学校受伤,学校必然担责”的错误认识。

  初中生课间劝架,反被打成左眼外伤

  学校未及时发现并制止暴力行为,需要承担相应责任

  某中学八年级学生蒋小某因琐事在课间休息期间殴打他人,张小某路过时,见无教师在场,便自行上前试图将蒋小某拉离。蒋小某回身挥拳击中张小某左眼。后学校将张小某送至医院救治。经鉴定,张小某左眼外伤,构成人体损伤十级残疾。

  审理法院认为,蒋小某应具备一定的辨别是非和控制情绪的能力,但却对同学实施殴打,并对出面劝阻的张小某挥拳相向,对损害事实的发生具有主要过错,由于蒋小某为未成年人,因此由其监护人承担侵权责任。

  此外,蒋小某殴打行为持续期间,有数名学生围观,没有老师发现并予以劝阻,学校有责任吗?

  审理法院认为,该中学作为专业的教育机构,没有针对本校学生的具体情况,对课间加以必要的严格管理,也没有密切关注学生动态,没有及时发现和防止学生间的冲突,以致发生本案的后果,应当视为学校未尽到教育、管理职责,对于受害方遭受的各项损失,学校需承担与其过错相应的赔偿责任。综合当事人的过错程度、致害原因及本案实际情况,法院判决蒋小某父母承担70%的赔偿责任,某中学承担30%的赔偿责任。

  最高法表示,本案通过司法裁判,进一步明晰学校在校园暴力事件中的责任边界,督促学校建立有效的校园暴力防控机制。同时,对未成年人制止校园暴力的行为予以正面评价,体现守望相助的价值导向。

  高中生课间自发踢足球,带球进攻的学生不慎受伤

  防守的学生没有恶意犯规动作,学校和踢球学生无责任

  林小某是某中学高三学生,陈小某是该校高一学生。午休期间,两人在学校操场参加由学生自发组织的足球活动,并分属不同队伍。林小某接到传球后快速进攻,倒地触球时,林小某与防守的陈小某接触后受伤。

  林小某认为其被陈小某踢伤,某中学未尽到教育、管理职责,诉至法院要求陈小某及其监护人、某中学共同赔偿损失59万余元。

  审理法院认为,足球对抗比赛具有群体性、对抗性,并具有一定的人身危险性;林小某事发时年满17周岁,陈小某事发时年满15周岁,二人均参加过规范的足球训练,具有多年踢球经验,对于参与足球运动潜在的危险和可能的损害理应具有预见和认知的能力;本案所涉足球活动为学生自发组织,林小某、陈小某自愿组队参与,意味着自愿承受足球活动可能导致的损害后果,因此可以认定林小某参与案涉足球活动属于自甘风险行为。

  本案中,林小某快速跑动中倒地触球,与上前防守的陈小某相接触,陈小某并无加速、踢踹、动作过大等明显违反足球规则的动作,因此现有证据不足以认定陈小某在损害发生时存在故意或者重大过失,因此陈小某监护人对于林小某所受损害不应承担侵权责任。

  某中学应否承担责任呢?法院认为,本案中足球比赛是学生自发组织,学校不属于活动组织者;学校足球场验收合格,日常教学活动中重视安全、法治教育;事发后配合林小某解决相关事宜,尽到了教育管理职责,不应承担侵权责任。

  最高法表示,本案根据各方提交的证据,具体分析学校有无尽到教育、管理职责,避免过分苛责学校。倡导学校鼓励学生课间自由活动,引导未成年人在校园内健康快乐成长。

  老师要求小学生为打架道歉,家长认为造成心理伤害

  坚持保护与教育相结合,允许学校实施合理的教育惩戒行为

  李小某是某学校一年级学生。一次,因李小某扎、咬其他同学,老师与涉事家长进行沟通,并在班会上让李小某向其他同学道歉。因李小某态度不诚恳,老师再次要求李小某郑重道歉。李小某监护人认为老师当众指责李小某、不听李小某解释、无理要求李小某当众反复道歉,造成李小某心理严重伤害,致使李小某持续情绪低落、无法正常返校。

  经多次交涉无果,李小某将学校诉至法院,要求学校赔偿损失2万余元。

  那么,学校老师如何对学生进行教育惩戒?根据教育法,学校对受教育者有实施奖励或者处分的权利。根据教育部发布的《中小学教育惩戒规则(试行)》,教师在课堂教学、日常管理中,对违规违纪情节较为轻微的学生可以当场实施“责令赔礼道歉、做口头或者书面检讨”等教育惩戒。

  审理法院认为,老师要求李小某向其他同学当众赔礼道歉未超出合理的教育惩戒措施范畴,驳回了李小某的诉讼请求。

  “处理涉及未成年人事项,应当坚持保护与教育相结合,允许学校依法实施合理的教育惩戒行为,帮助学生认识和改正错误,促进学生健康成长,学校不因实施合理的教育惩戒行为而承担侵权责任。”最高法表示,保障教育惩戒行为既有尺度又有温度,对于支持并保障学校依法履行教育管理职责,规范学校、教师、学生、家长等各方行为具有重要的规则引领和示范意义。

  (人民日报记者魏哲哲) 火影之天苍羽 - 禁忌快感下的欲望与挣扎的相关文章 日本多地发生无差别杀人事件的相关文章
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