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  美国知名经济学家、哥伦比亚大学教授杰弗里·萨克斯就俄罗斯宣布复活节停火发表评论称,有必要朝着结束冲突的方向迈进,并指出美国似乎开始理解危机的根源。

  萨克斯表示:“我们可以——当然也应该——朝着结束冲突的方向前进。结束冲突的关键在于解决冲突的根源。这包括三个主要问题:乌克兰的中立、领土分配以及乌克兰、俄罗斯和其他各方的集体安全机制。

  看来美国的立场在理解冲突根源方面正变得现实起来,首先是认识到北约永远不会向乌克兰扩张,边界将发生变化,安全措施应是集体性的,即符合所有各方的安全利益。”

  随着全球锂矿资源产能加速释放,加之锂化工产品需求放缓,锂价持续走低。统计显示,自2024年8月以来,碳酸锂每吨报价长期在8万元下方徘徊。上海钢联4月18日数据显示,电池级碳酸锂报价为70450元/吨,较4月初74100元/吨的报价有所下滑。

  决定锂矿企业业绩走向的锂价,其持续磨底使得行业公司2024年业绩表现“失色”。从天齐锂业、赣锋锂业、盛新锂能、盐湖股份等多家行业公司披露的2024年年报不难看出,锂价下行不仅大幅削弱了上游矿企的赚钱能力,更有公司因产品价格不振而出现亏损。

  “资源端扩产还在加速,但需求端增速确有放缓,锂价缺乏上涨动力。”A股某锂化工企业负责人向记者表示,他所在企业今年一季度销量未达预期,眼下公司的经营重点是降本增效。

  记者了解到,面对“量增价跌”的考验,国内锂矿企业的想法基本一致:持续技术创新勤修内功,同时提升资源自给能力。有业内人士认为,在价格不会出现大幅波动的预期下,锂价低位运行或让具备成本优势及拥有优质自有矿厂的企业,进一步凸显其竞争优势。

  锂价低迷行业公司业绩纷纷“报忧”

  从相关上市公司披露的2024年年报来看,在锂价持续磨底的背景下,有的公司业绩大幅亏损,也有公司因产品价格拖累导致赚钱能力下滑。

  以锂电上游产业龙头天齐锂业为例,公司去年实现营业收入130.63亿元,同比下降67.75%;净利润为-79.05亿元。锂盐产品价格下跌是公司业绩表现不佳的关键因素。

  赣锋锂业2024年实现营收189.06亿元,同比下滑42.66%;净利润为亏损20.74亿元。对于业绩亏损,公司称主要受供需格局转变、锂产品市场波动影响,锂盐及锂电池产品销售价格下跌,公司经营业绩同比下降。

  同时,由于新产能的释放和市场竞争加剧,盛新锂能也不得不面对亏损局面。公司2024年实现营业收入45.8亿元,同比下降42.38%;净利润亏损6.22亿元。

  在江西积极布局的永兴材料去年虽未亏损,但赚钱能力出现下滑。永兴材料2024年年报显示,公司当年实现净利润10.43亿元,同比下降69.37%。受锂价下跌影响较大的还有融捷股份,公司此前预计2024年实现净利润1.9亿元至2.3亿元,同比下滑39.53%至50.04%。

  尽管锂价下跌让行业公司业绩表现惨淡,但与矿石、锂云母提锂企业相比,成本相对低廉的盐湖提锂企业还是具备一定的“抗压”能力。

  以同在察尔汗盐湖“挖锂”的盐湖股份与藏格矿业为例,二者2024年分别实现净利润46.63亿元、25.80亿元,同比分别下降41.07%、24.56%。尽管盐湖股份与藏格矿业业绩同比仍是下滑态势,但从各自年报披露的锂产品50.68%、45.44%的毛利率来看,面对锂价疲软,盐湖提锂依然具备较强的竞争优势。

  供需趋稳在价格博弈中勤修内功

  结合当前实际情况,供需趋稳或是锂盐产业2025年的关键词。

  “随着气温回暖,我们现在日产碳酸锂已攀升至30吨左右,产品都能销售出去,不存在卖不出去的情况。”藏格矿业旗下藏格锂业相关负责人告诉记者,目前公司生产经营平稳,但尚未感受到需求增长的迹象。

  多位受访人士判断,锂价不会出现大幅波动。究其原因:一是碳酸锂供给增加趋势十分明确;二是下游需求趋于稳定,不会出现明显增长。

  “从海外供应情况来看,虽然锂价在下跌,但锂辉石项目还是在不断投产,非洲等资源产地的增量还是比较大的。”A股某锂矿企业高管称,以国内企业投资布局的非洲锂矿为例,随着部分项目进入产能释放期,预计2025年非洲锂精矿产量大概率突破100万吨,折合碳酸锂约为16万吨。

  再看国内,盐湖股份近期表示,新建的年产4万吨锂盐/年基础一体化项目今年将生产3000吨碳酸锂。赣锋锂业披露,旗下四川赣锋年产5万吨锂盐项目目前在调试期间,预计今年内将逐步释放产能至最优水平。

  需求方面,新能源汽车动力电池仍是锂盐采购的主力军。有熟悉动力电池产业人士表示,尽管动力电池产量和装车量保持高增长,但我国新能源车渗透率已很高,增速放缓也是客观实际。

  “企业可能会选择更低成本的项目,也可能是去做更细致的产品分级,但不变的肯定是加强技术创新,不断降低生产成本。”有受访人士表示,锂矿企业当前能做的,就是在价格博弈中修炼内功,尽可能降本增效。

  信心不减产业竞争格局有望重塑

  “我们不会因为短期业绩下滑就对产业前景失去信心。”在藏格锂业相关人士看来,面对行业变局,锂矿企业的战略重心正从规模扩张转向价值创造。

  事实上,在锂价回归理性的背景下,锂矿企业未来的“赚钱效应”或在于如何降低成本,从而凸显竞争优势,而降低成本的关键在于提升资源自给保障能力。

  从最新情况来看,优质锂矿资源依旧抢手。新疆维吾尔自治区电子交易平台4月9日信息显示,近日新疆吉锦禾裕矿业有限公司以50.0196亿元竞拍拿下和田县黄草湖苦水湖锂矿勘查探矿权。据悉,此次出让的锂矿探矿权起始竞拍价为3846万元,起始出让收益率为1.4%,最终溢价率高达12906%。

  可见,提升资源自给能力仍然是行业内公司发力的重点。记者采访了解到,一些公司正在加速自有资源的开发力度。

  据赣锋锂业相关人士介绍,近年来公司不断加快优质资源项目的建设及产能爬坡进度,预计2025年锂资源自给率可以做到50%至60%。该人士表示,马里Goulamina锂辉石项目产能提升后,公司的锂资源自给率还将进一步提高。

  “自给率越高意味着穿越周期的动能越强。”有熟悉锂矿行业人士认为,若锂价持续低位运行,缺乏资源支撑的中小规模冶炼加工厂或将逐步退出竞争序列。

  (文章来源:上海证券报)

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