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  9个城市和30个项目列入首批车网互动规模化应用试点——

  车轮上的“充电宝”要来了

  车轮上的“充电宝”要来了!4月初,国家发展改革委、国家能源局、工业和信息化部、市场监管总局公布了首批车网互动规模化应用试点。9个城市和30个项目列入试点范围。

  车网互动就是通过技术创新,让电动汽车变身“移动充电宝”,不仅可以从电网充电,还可将电能反向输送给电网。这一试点既能使普通车主获得收益、降低用车成本,也有利于电网获得充足电力、削峰填谷,还将推动新能源汽车产业进一步发展。

  试点城市具有规模化应用优势

  此次公布的首批车网互动规模化应用试点名单包含上海、常州、合肥、淮北、广州、深圳、海口、重庆和昆明9个试点城市和“北京市基于新型储能的V2G车网互动协同调控试点项目”等30个项目。

  为何是这9座城市?中国电力企业联合会电动交通与储能分会充电业务主管刘博文对本报记者表示,车网互动主要包括电动汽车与电网进行能量和信息的互动。从能量流向来看,可分为单向互动和双向互动,前者为充电功率受控的有序充电,后者为既可充电也可放电的双向充放电(V2G)。总体来看,首批试点的9座城市在相关政策支持、产业配套、技术创新等方面具有一定优势。

  据了解,上海累计建成各类充电桩91.3万个、换电站225座,车桩比约1.8∶1。深圳累计建设光储超充车网互动示范站100座,V2G车网互动站151座。昆明累计建成充电站超2200座,充电桩超12万枪,主城区已实现每平方公里建设1.8座充电站。重庆累计建成新能源汽车充电桩38.12万个,建成换电站219座;建设超充站1452座、超充桩2557个,实现全市、乡镇街道超充及快充全覆盖;累计建成充储一体化站201个、V2G项目80个。国网常州供电公司在公交领域率先开展车网互动示范,组织390辆新能源车、9个充电站点参与电网填谷辅助服务,聚合1.5万千瓦可调负荷;同步推进V2G技术应用,通过10座城市公共电站和5座公交专用电站,探索电动汽车参与电网调峰的市场化路径。

  刘博文认为,通过试点的开展,我国车网互动将进入落地应用的新阶段,形成可复制、可推广、可持续的车网互动商业模式、技术方案、标准体系、政策保障等一系列成套方案,为下一步的更大规模落地应用奠定基础。

  中国汽车战略与政策研究中心低碳经济研究部部长石红对本报记者表示,试点名单中的30个项目覆盖居民社区、工业园区、公共充换电场站、微电网等多元场景,部分试点项目以构建“车—桩—网—储”协同调节网络为建设目标,车网互动应用正加速产业深度协同整合。“此次试点的开展标志着我国车网互动已进入规模化落地的关键阶段。”石红说。

  新能源汽车参与车网互动前景广阔

  车网互动将带来些什么?

  截至2024年底,全国新能源汽车保有量达3140万辆;全国充电基础设施总量达到1281.8万台;各类充电运营商已超过1万家。新能源汽车参与车网互动前景广阔。

  对普通车主来说,通过V2G技术向电网输电可以获得“真金白银”的收益,降低用车成本。广东广州车主李先生近日了解到,向电网放电可获得每千瓦时3.5元的补贴,他觉得很划算,准备试一试。江苏无锡车主张先生通过多次参与放电活动,车辆累计放电71千瓦时,共获得7125积分,兑换了价值200元的充电权益包。

  此外,参与试点的地区将全面执行充电峰谷分时电价,力争年度充电电量60%以上集中在低谷时段,其中通过私人桩充电的电量80%以上集中在低谷时段,居民充电峰谷价差有望进一步扩大,可有效引导普通车主在低谷时段充电,降低充电成本。

  车辆反向放出的电去了哪里?据了解,充电桩旁边设有变压器,电流经变压器直接输送到了城市主干电网。

  对电网来说,“车网互动可以充分发挥动力电池作为可控负荷和移动储能的灵活性调节能力,支撑新型电力系统高效经济运行,减轻电动汽车规模化发展对电力系统造成的负担,起到削峰填谷、消纳可再生能源、平抑负荷波动的作用。”刘博文说。

  对充电企业来说,收获也不少。“从去年开始,我们积极参与广西低谷消纳电力交易,最高可以获得每千瓦时0.6元的市场收益。固定参与低谷电力消纳的场站,在响应成功的情况下,收益率可提高3%至5%。”南宁特来电新能源科技有限公司有关负责人介绍。

  对车企来说,“车网互动不仅是技术突破,更是生产关系的重构,推动我国新能源汽车产业从‘产能输出’向‘系统解决方案供应商’转型升级。”广汽集团旗下的广汽能源科技有限公司有关负责人介绍,广汽集团目前已推出6款搭载V2G功能车型,销量超3万辆。

  石红表示,在试点工作持续推进下,车网互动市场机制逐渐成熟、电力市场门槛逐渐降低、电池寿命损耗顾虑逐渐解除,新能源汽车将从单纯的“用电终端”转变为“能源网络节点”,新能源车主将实现从“被动用电”到“主动参与能源网络”的角色升级。

  完善的商业模式是关键

  自2023年底中国首个车网互动顶层设计文件发布以来,国家发展改革委等部门陆续推出多项政策,支持车网互动产业发展。

  在政策引领下,行业相关主体正加快开展车网互动规模化示范应用。近日,南方电网公司组织开展了国内首次车网互动跨省联动,覆盖包括广州、深圳、海口、昆明在内的5省区63个城市,互动电量超50万千瓦时,超10万辆次电动汽车参与,验证了车网互动规模化应用的潜力。

  要将海量、分散的电动汽车聚合起来发挥规模效应,完善的商业模式是关键。据了解,V2G需要专用充电桩支持,设计成本是普通充电桩的1.2倍左右。通过完善的商业模式让运营商“有利可图”,相关企业才能有动力更换V2G充电桩。

  现阶段,车网互动的市场机制仍在探索中。广西将车网互动资源纳入调峰辅助服务市场,根据调峰缺口出清,出清均价为0.37元/千瓦时。广东探索“电力充储放一张网”建设,推动V2G设施用户、聚合商参与本地虚拟电厂建设运营。

  部分省份已出台具体的电价政策。今年1月,山东印发《关于开展车网互动价格机制改革试点工作的通知》,按照山东电力实时市场发电侧节点加权平均电价执行。在山东电力现货市场正式运行的背景下,相应价格完全由市场形成,每15分钟变化一次,能够真实反映供需情况,并可减少交叉补贴。2月,云南出台《云南省电力需求响应方案》,以发挥市场机制调节电力供需平衡的重要作用,促进“源—网—荷—储”友好互动。

  石红认为,商业模式方面,应鼓励针对居民个人桩等负荷可引导性强的充电设施制定独立且具有吸引力的峰谷分时电价政策,研究探索新能源汽车和充换电场站对电网放电的价格机制,建立健全车网互动资源聚合参与电力市场交易机制,逐步破除车网互动在参与电力市场交易方面的障碍。同时,应尽早统一双向充放电场景下的充放电设备和车辆技术规范、车桩通信、并网运行、双向计量、充放电安全防护、信息安全等关键技术标准,同步完善标准配套检测认证体系,确保“车—桩—网”各方设备、系统的互联互通。在提升用户认知和参与度方面,她建议推动车企制定V2G场景下的电池质保标准,设计灵活用户激励措施,如“放电积分兑换充电优惠”“错峰充电返现”等,提升车主对车网互动的价值认知和参与意愿。

  多位专家表示,尽管面临诸多挑战,但随着技术的不断进步和支持政策的逐步完善,车网互动有望实现“多赢”。(记者徐佩玉)

  来源:人民日报海外版

  中新经纬4月24日电周四,A股三大指数集体低开。上证指数跌0.04%,报3295.15点;深证成指跌0.02%,报9933.89点;创业板指跌0.15%,报1946.23点。

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