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  转自:北京商报

  过去,银行网点曾热衷于跑马圈地、大规模扩张,如今,关停“瘦身”成为常规操作。随着2024年年报的披露,各大银行对网点机构的调整浮出水面,年报之内,部分国有大行、股份制银行纷纷对基层网点进行“缩编”,年报之外,在网点的“瘦身”动作之外,银行也正在积极“做加法”,全力推进网点转型升级。

  网点收缩绝非银行业市场萎缩的信号,而是银行数字化转型加快、线上化经营提升后的必然结果。在科技力量的助推下,银行网点转型之路究竟通向何方?是智慧网点,还是轻型银行?又或者另有方向?

  年报之内:数量缩编

  在金融科技浪潮的席卷下,银行业正经历着深刻变革,银行网点作为传统金融服务的重要阵地,也踏入了转型的洪流之中。4月15日,北京商报记者根据已发布2024年年报数据的银行梳理发现,网点数量的缩减趋势明显。

  国有大行中,截至2024年末,中国境内商业银行机构总数(含总行、一级分行、直属分行、二级分行及基层分支机构)10279家,相较于上年末的10299家减少20家。

  其中,工商银行机构总数16383个,虽然比上年末增加86个,但细剖来看,机构总数的增长主要得益于控股子公司及其分支机构的增长,网点的营业数量则是在收缩,基层分支机构从2023年末的15227减少120个至15107个。

  同样,建设银行也出现缩减,截至2024年末,该行营业机构共计14750个,较2023年末缩减145个,支行及支行以下网点分别缩减67个、22个。邮储银行共有营业网点39224个,相较2023年末缩减140个,邮储银行称,对分布密集且发展潜力受限的网点实施迁撤,提高金融服务质效,共完成70个网点的优化调整。

  股份制银行中,亦有银行对网点规模进行了缩编,民生银行销售网络覆盖2439家支行营业网点,包括1258家一般支行(含营业部)、1039家社区支行、142家小微支行,相较2023年末的2459家减少20家。

  平安银行指出,该行持续实施网点智能化建设,合理配置网点布局,截至2024年末,共有110家分行(含香港分行),合计1149家营业机构,较上年末的1201家营业机构小幅缩减。浦发银行分支机构也从2023年末的1742个减少至2024年末的1708个。

  银行的实体网点出现了收缩是客观存在的现象,并不意味着我国银行业市场正在收缩。素喜智研高级研究员苏筱芮表示,银行数字化转型的加快与线上化经营的提升使得更多业务触达渠道延伸至线上,线上用户数量及使用频次得到提升,也使得一些线下网点的使用减少。近两年银行网点呈现出持续减少的趋势,但未来银行网点可能也会出现一些结构性调整,例如向县域进行迁移、关注特色网点的打造等。

  年报之外:改造升级

  年报之外,银行网点与各类分支机构的“瘦身”行动也在推进。4月15日,北京商报记者根据国家金融监督管理总局公布的金融许可证信息梳理发现,开年以来,已有众多银行机构退出市场。具体来看,国有大行约有100家,股份制银行约77家,城商行约41家,农商行数量最多,约1513家。

  持续的“瘦身”动作,展现出银行在成本控制与业务结构调整方面的需求。北京商报记者从一位银行业人士处了解到,银行运营网点需要承担高昂的成本,包括房租、装修、设备购置与维护、人员薪酬等多项开支。以一家中等规模的网点为例,每年房租可能高达数百万元,加上员工工资、水电费、设备折旧等费用,运营成本较高,削减不必要的网点成为降低成本的直接手段。

  “同时,随着线上业务的兴起,许多传统业务可以通过电子渠道完成,使得部分网点的业务量大幅下降,因此选择收缩低效能网点的运营,将资源集中投入到更具价值的区域或业务领域。”上述银行业人士说道。

  从外部环境来看,如今,大量客户更倾向于通过手机银行、网上银行等线上渠道办理日常金融业务,如转账汇款、账户查询、理财购买等。银行通过优化网点布局,保留核心、高效的网点,关闭或合并业务量稀少的网点,有助于适应业务线上化的发展趋势。

  在“做减法”的同时,银行正在网点升级转型方面“做加法”。不少银行网点设置了智能柜台,客户可通过智能柜台自助办理开卡、激活、转账汇款等多项业务,大大缩短了业务办理时间。还有一些银行网点不再局限于传统金融业务,而是积极融入各类生活场景,提供场景化金融服务。

  在一些社区银行网点,与周边商家合作,开展消费优惠活动,客户在网点办理金融业务的同时,还能获取周边商家的优惠券,享受便捷的生活服务。部分银行网点还与政府部门合作,设立政务服务专区,如在网点内可办理社保、医保等业务,实现“金融+政务”一站式服务。还有一些新颖的电竞网点、宠物友好特色网点等也在逐渐走入大众视野。

  在分析人士看来,场景化金融服务的拓展,丰富了银行网点的功能与价值。新颖特色网点的出现,打破了传统银行网点的刻板印象,精准对接特定客群,为银行网点转型开辟了新路径,满足了多元化的市场需求。

  探索:未来网点新范式

  在科技飞速发展的当下,金融行业正经历着深刻的变革。场景化金融服务拓展与智能化服务升级已成为行业发展的关键趋势,而5G、AI、大数据、人工智能等前沿技术则成为推动这一变革的核心驱动力,频繁出现在金融网点升级的进程中。

  智能机器人成为了网点的“新员工”,它们能够热情地迎接客户,引导客户办理业务,解答常见问题。在营销方面,AI通过对客户数据的深入分析,能够精准地洞察客户需求,为客户推荐合适的金融产品,根据客户的资产配置情况和投资偏好,提高网点营销的精准度和成功率。

  大数据则为金融服务提供了海量的数据支持,银行可以对客户进行全方位的画像,从而为客户提供更加贴合其需求的金融服务。

  2024年,多家银行也对网点智能化改造进行了升级,中国银行提升网点智能化服务水平,全面推广厅堂智慧屏,丰富智能柜台地方特色政务服务品种;农业银行提升全流程智能化办贷效率,推进运营流程优化,网点客均等待时间压降20%;招商银行迭代升级“人+数智化”的服务能力及体验,通过线下网点为客户提供服务;中信银行强化网点智能化、数字化、精细化管理。

  就未来银行网点的转型发展方向而言,招联首席研究员董希淼认为,银行网点转型需要考虑智能化、场景化和轻型化三个因素,其中智能化是用金融科技的手段提升、改善客户体验,场景化是要融入各种生活场景,轻型化要和智能化结合起来,用智能化改造,降低银行的成本。此外,物理网点的作用在于能够与客户面对面地沟通,所以用无人银行来取代物理网点是不可能的。

  苏筱芮进一步指出,银行线下网点转型目前有两个主要方向,一个是智慧网点,另一个是轻型银行。智慧网点的落地,既是银行主动拥抱科技、积极求变之举,也是行业发展的大方向、大趋势,这种转型目前还没有一个标准化的模式,需要各银行因地制宜、循序渐进;而轻型银行则要求机构具备较高的科技实力,对线上业务的前、中、后各环节进行全面布局,做好线上用户的精细化运营。

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