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  从多元化的角度而言,在美元平衡投资组合中,配置5%的黄金是最佳选择。

  不知不觉间,国际金价年初至今的累计涨幅已经达到28%,逼近三成,无疑已经成为全球表现最佳的主要资产。

  某海外投行交易员对第一财经记者提及,交易台的情况显示,亚洲时段买盘尤其强劲,似乎体现了该地区突出的避险需求。截至4月16日金价已连续第八个交易日隔夜上涨。市场参与度强劲,成交量较过去10个交易日该时点的平均水平高出约40%。

  世界黄金协会方面的数据也显示,截至4月11日的这一周,资金大幅流入全球黄金ETF,其中亚洲ETF的流入尤其强劲,单周为20亿美元,仅次于北美地区的26亿美元,而更早一周亚洲的买盘甚至强于北美地区。4月14日,瑞银表示上调未来12个月黄金价格至3500美元,前几日高盛将金价预测调升至3700美元。

  亚洲避险情绪突出

  在4月初美国表示将实施“对等关税”之前,第一财经就报道,当时几乎没有投资者敢贸然加仓股票。美国某大型公募基金投资经理对记者表示:“美国国内的政治不确定性(华盛顿大幅裁员)和关税让市场陷入混乱,客户情绪低落,在这种时候,没人会想到抄底部分被超卖的股票,所以资金都涌入了黄金避险。”

  更令各界没有料到的是,在大超预期的“对等关税”落地后,市场的避险情绪也丝毫没有减退,面对普遍更高水平潜在关税的亚洲地区情绪不振。

  高盛交易台的信息显示,亚洲时段的强劲买盘仍是主旋律,已连续第八个交易日隔夜上涨。市场参与度强劲,不过,ETF持仓、CFTC数据以及未平仓合约数据显示,投机性仓位尚未达到极端水平。

  施罗德集团首席投资总监吉尔伦德(JohannaKyrklund)对记者表示,在美国以外的地区,对等关税对经济的影响差异很大。加拿大和墨西哥将会松一口气,因为其超过2.5%的GDP是来自美国对两国生产的制成品的需求。而在另一端,亚洲经济体将普遍受到重创。例如越南的损失可能超过GDP的0.5%;欧盟和日本则可能处于中间水平,两地面临的冲击约为GDP的0.3%至0.4%。

  “美国最新关税政策所带来的结果取决于各国选择如何回应。虽然白宫表示对等关税可以通过谈判降低,但已有多个国家表示将采取反制措施报复。因此,风险似乎更倾向于关税进一步上涨。举例来说,如果美国政府实施全面的对等关税,美国的有效关税税率将进一步提升至35.6%。”吉尔伦德称,美国经济影响的不确定性很高。再往后看,经济衰退风险的上升,也对亚洲和新兴市场产生负面溢出效应。

  也正因如此,近阶段亚洲时段的黄金买盘显著攀升。世界黄金协会资深分析师贾舒畅对记者提及,协会的数据显示,近阶段亚洲黄金ETF的资金流入量颇大。例如,在4月11日的这一周,亚洲黄金ETF流入资金量为20亿美元,北美地区为26亿美元;而在前一周,亚洲以13亿美元的流入量排名第一,北美地区以7亿美元位居第二。

  就当前的数据来看(更新到3月),3月是黄金ETF资金连续第四个月实现流入,为9.4亿美元,由中国和日本主导,一季度亚洲地区流入总量高达33亿美元。但当时北美地区仍独占鳌头,3月流入量高达65亿美元,占当月全球黄金ETF需求的76%。

  新兴市场央行继续“买买买”

  近阶段,新兴市场央行对黄金的买入量也持续攀升,避险需求、资产多元化需求以及美元信用趋弱等原因都在发挥作用。

  放眼全球,2月最大的黄金买家是波兰国家银行,2月净购黄金29吨,该国央行年初至今已累计增持32吨黄金总储备至480吨;其次是中国人民银行(增持5吨)与土耳其共和国中央银行(增持3吨)。

  截至今年4月,中国人民银行连续第五个月增持黄金储备,环比增长0.15%。4月7日周一,国家外汇管理局公布的数据显示,中国3月末黄金储备为7370万盎司,2月末黄金储备为7361万盎司,环比增加9万盎司或0.15%。

  瑞银方面对记者表示,除了避险需求和战术投机者的参与外,黄金配置需求最近也发生了许多结构性转变,例如,中国监管机构在今年2月允许保险基金投资配置黄金、各国央行系统性地提高黄金在总储备中的份额等。这些结构性转变都有力支持了黄金需求,但黄金供给则不会因价格上涨出现较大的抬升,因黄金的供给缺乏弹性。

  该机构预计,在过去三年全球央行黄金购买量连续每年均达1000公吨后,今年购买量仍有望达1000公吨(此前预期为950公吨),同时ETF净买入量预期也从300公吨上调至450公吨,预计金币、金条等零售市场需求强劲。

  金价或加速突破下一个里程碑

  就目前来看,由美国引发的政策不确定性毫无降低的迹象,寻求美元以外资产的需求或继续推动金价攀升。

  嘉盛集团资深分析师陈杰瑞(JerryChen)告诉记者,回顾历史走势,金价从1000美元(2008年)攀升至2000美元(2020年)用了12年时间,从2000美元到3000美元(2025年)仅用了5年。可以预见的是,黄金正在以更快的速度冲击下一个重要里程碑。

  “黄金上涨的主要原因还是市场浓厚的避险情绪,这也导致美国三大指数周三集体重挫,其中纳斯达克跌超3%再次接近熊市。真正令避险情绪升温的是,美联储主席鲍威尔昨天再次表示目前通胀风险升高且可能更持久,他暗示了在通胀和就业的双重目标中会优先考虑控制通胀,因此不会马上降息。”他称。

  值得注意的是,若美联储迟迟不降息,总统特朗普可能通过更极端的政策来达到其降息和弱势美元的目的(毕竟时间不等人,6月有数万亿美元债务到期),因此全球经济和市场前景依然不容乐观。

  疯狂行情也使华尔街纷纷上调目标价。4月11日,高盛将2025年底金价的预测上调至每盎司3700美元(此前为3300美元),这一调整纳入了强于预期的各国央行购金需求,以及衰退风险上升带来的ETF流入提振因素。这也是当前预测值最高的投行。

  瑞银最新表示,在持续的关税及地缘政治风险可能对美国和全球经济前景产生负面影响的情况下,将对未来12个月的黄金目标价上调至3500美元,也将上行和下行情景中的黄金目标价上调300美元,分别达到3800美元和3200美元。长期来看,从多元化的角度而言,在美元平衡投资组合中,配置5%的黄金是最佳选择。

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