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宁夏回族自治区

开发商的这个冬天,成了史上最漫长的季节。

煎熬之下,以内房股为代表,房企在资本市场的消亡速度正在加快。

死水微澜

4月17日,香港资本市场,老牌开发商建业地产(00832,HK)大涨21.65%,成为当天涨幅最大的股票之一。

如此亮眼的表现极具迷惑性,因为这个涨幅以低价和低成交量为前提。在当天的交易中,建业地产报收0.118港元,成交金额仅35.3万港股,市值为3.6亿港元。

35.3万,不到行业繁荣期一位高管的月薪;3.6亿资金,不够鼎盛期拍一块边角料土地储备。

但事实上,建业地产股价的表现,并非个案。香港上市的内房股,在当前的市场环境下,大多数股价低迷,交投清淡,乏人问津。

惨淡的数据验证着这一现实。截至2025年4月20日,在港上市的内地房地股(内房股),共有159家公司,其中113家公司交易价格低于1港元,占比71%;80家公司低于0.25港元,占比51%。

这些数据表明,内房股的退市潮正山雨欲来。

港股退市标准主要涵盖股价、经营能力等多个方面,就这些标准衡量,其中大量的内房股已经触发以下两条规则:一、若公司股票连续30个交易日收盘价低于0.25港元,联交所可强制退市;二、连续三个财年累计亏损且股东权益低于初始上市时的50%,触发退市。

也就是说,对大面积的内房股,债务违约仍在发酵,未来一段时间内,面临退市危机是既定命运。

退市即告别资本市场,对退市房企而言,那是最后的挽歌。因为这意味着,曾经受资本追捧的明星企业,从此泯然于众人。

作为资本密集型行业,先前退市的房企已经给出了答案。从以往退市的房企来看,在成为一段时间的僵尸企业之后,消亡是既定的结局。一如此前市值高达3000亿的中国恒大,退市之后,如今早就没了正面的话题度。

建业困境

在面临退市的房企中,和那些全国扩张的企业不同,建业地产是个特殊的存在。 

4月20日,郑州花园路,万达坊,“爱杂咋地”主题市集持续进行。因集结了本土美食、创意潮牌、手作匠人及live演出,市集吸引众多年轻人打卡体验。 

看似火热的商业活动背后,隐藏着一家失意的公司,也折射着一个行业的衰荣。

万达坊原名建业凯旋广场,由建业集团2015年启动建设,2019年正式开业。作为建业集团“城市地标”的战略项目,因其融合商业、文化、商务功能,推动金水区CBD发展,被誉为“郑州新晋网红打卡地”。但在2022年4月,建业集团与万达商业达成战略合作,将旗下商业项目(包括郑州建业凯旋广场)的运营权移交万达,以换取7亿元现金流缓解经营压力。

图片来自万达坊官微

建业凯旋广场的更名,只是建业地产资金链危机的缩影。

2021年郑州暴雨,成为建业地产债务危机的导火索。当年7月,郑州特大暴雨导致多处工地停工,多处项目受灾;此外,灾后公司销售断崖式下滑,销售回款急速减少;同时文旅、商业等业态停业,导致现金流枯竭……集团流动性紧张加剧,债务危机全面爆发。其后,建业集团董事长胡葆森亲自上阵,从王健林处借了7个“小目标”,并向万达集团让渡出建业旗下商业项目经营权,这也是商业广场更名的由来……

时隔四年,现实依旧不容乐观,公司最新年报显示,截至2024年末,建业地产的借贷总额达240.4亿元,其中一年内到期债务达到212.05亿元,现金及等价物仅有3.65亿元,现金流紧张依旧。更令人关注的是,公司相较于高峰时大幅萎缩的销售额,凸显了流动性困境。2025年一季度,公司合同销售总额人民币21.1亿元,同比增加15.1%;其中3月份,建业集团物业销售额人民币5.4亿元,同比增加21.2%。和高峰时千亿级的销售规模比,当下经营活动创造的经现金流,相对于到期债务令外界担忧。

资本的掣肘

建业的案例令人唏嘘。

在陷入债务危机的房企中,就表现形式来看,绝大多数房企死于全国化扩张。但建业不同,这是一家深耕河南,在房企全国化布局浪潮中,能抵制住诱惑的公司。与之可对比的是,深耕浙江,以杭州为大本营的滨江集团,安然度过了本轮行业衰退,成为资本市场上稀缺投资标的,公司股价目前维持高位,仍保有高达325亿的市值。同时,这空公司被研究机构视为能在下轮浪潮中赢得先机的房企。

某种程度上,区域深耕,保持专注,是滨江集团应对行业衰退周期的重要策略。但对比到建业地产而言,同样是城市深耕,建业地产为何会遭遇债务困境?为何也难逃周期?

答案在于区域内的无序扩张。2015年,建业地产的销售额仅为165.7亿元,但至2019年,建业地产销售规模首次突破千亿,全年销售总额1011.5亿元,四年间增幅为7倍。与此同时,在这四年里,其负债总额也从2015年的324亿元上升到2019年的1314亿元。

仔细梳理这四年的发展,很容易得出结论,低能级城市的过度下沉,商业、文旅、养老业态的扩张,让摊子铺得过大,并最终让公司为此付出沉重代价。这个过程中,对建业而言,一个更深层的问题是,资本的双刃剑效应。

在上行周期中,房企通常形成扩张的正反馈,销售增长——评级上调——股价大涨——融资加码——资产扩张——销售再增长……而在下行周期中,负反馈同样形成逻辑闭环,销售下滑——评级下调——融资冻结——债务违约——资产冻结——销售再下滑……很显然,在上述反馈过程中,资产扩张与资产冻结的关键阶段,资本扮演着核心角色。

同为河南企业,近期持续出圈的胖东来,给出了一个反资本的案例,正如其创始人于东来名言:“上市是把灵魂卖给资本的魔鬼契约。”在这位企业家看来,上市会将企业的灵魂出卖给资本,导致企业失去自主权和控制力。一如这位企业所认知,上市是为了挣钱,而不是因为责任,因此他选择坚守河南,不往外扩张,并坚守胖东来品牌……

对绝大多数房企而言,如果能再重新选择一次,企业的命运或许并没有什么不同,因为性格使然。但对区域扩张上保持克制的建业而言,如果给胡葆森重来一次的机会,企业的命运或许会有所不同。

不过这仅仅是种假设,现如今,建业的未来仍充满了不确定因素。对急需资本驰援的房企来说,雪中送炭无异于痴人说梦,锦上添花才是常态。

一切远未到结束的时刻,对陷入债务危机的房企来而言,他们被资本深深裹挟——曾经被资本亲睐,又最终被资本抛弃。

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