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  出品:新浪财经上市公司研究院

  作者:光心

  2025年4月14日,苏州固锝发布2024年年报,报告期内公司实现营收56.38亿元,同比增长37.94%。而与此同时,公司归母净利润却仅录得7369.10亿元,同比下降51.93%,出现增收不增利现象。

  据年报披露,公司近年毛利率更高的半导体业务规模持续缩减,截至2024年其营收贡献仅占不到两成,而占比超八成的光伏业务又遭遇行业价格战,以上因素严重影响了公司盈利能力,2024年公司净利率仅有1.31%,已贴近盈亏线边缘。

  而此时的苏州固锝正处于接班人刚刚接手的关键时期。2020年9月,吴炆皜开始接班,成为苏州固锝董事长,而其父亲吴念博则成为终身名誉董事长。2024年11月,吴念博又以0元价格将苏州通博约68%股权转让给吴炆皜,吴炆皜成为公司实控人。

  在半导体和光伏行业经历剧变的当下,苏州固锝两项主要业务均深陷泥沼,作为公司掌舵手的吴炆皜将如何穿越周期、实现破局?

  光伏业务承受价格压力半导体业务持续萎缩

  苏州固锝于1990年11月成立,早期依赖分立器件业务起家,目前已覆盖从前端芯片的自主开发到后端成品的各种封装技术,形成完整的产业链。之后,公司又以导电银浆产品切入光伏行业,其子公司司晶银新材作为光伏银浆国产化的先行者已在业内成功树立“晶银品牌”,跻身光伏银浆细分龙头之列。

  在2015年,苏州固锝有95%的营收来自半导体行业,而太阳能电池银浆贡献的营收仅占4.88%。而截至2021年,公司已有47.26%的收入来自太阳能电池银浆,有52.55%的收入来自半导体业务,新能源已经成为公司业绩的又一有效支柱,公司至此成功转型实现半导体加新能源“两条腿走路”。

  而2022年之后,公司所涉足的半导体与光伏行业环境均发生了巨大变化。一方面,半导体行业受到周期下行和国际形势变化的影响,供需格局发生转向,传统产品全面进入“库存期”。另一方面,光伏领域迎来技术切换和分布式装机规模暴涨等契机,2022到2024年光伏新增装机量分别同比高增59.3%、148.1%、27.8%,公司光伏银浆业务也得以快速发展。

  受以上因素影响,苏州固锝太阳能电池银浆业务近三年录得19.92亿元、30.64亿元、46.09亿元的营收,同比增速分别达到70.25%、53.81%、50.42%。与此同时,公司半导体业务板块营收却仅有12.66亿元、10.02亿元、9.88亿元,各年同比增速为-2.67%、-20.88%、-1.42%。

  随着两业务增长趋势分化,苏州固锝光伏业务营收已远超半导体业务,成为主要的营收贡献者。截至2024年末,公司太阳能电池银浆业务的营收占比81.75%,而半导体业务仅有17.52%。

  然而,值得注意的是,近年半导体业务毛利率均高于光伏业务,因此上述业务结构调整在一定程度上压低了公司整体毛利率。此外,近年光伏行业全产业链扩产迅速,供需严重失衡,2023年硅料、硅片、组件价格分别下跌70%、60%、50%,2024年包括主链龙头在内的许多公司表示已持续亏损超半年,组件价格一度跌破成本线。

  在此背景下,身处光伏辅材领域的苏州固锝也受到压力传导。在2016年,公司银浆业务的毛利率能达到24.31%,而2022年到2024年,该业务毛利率仅有14.47%、13.22%、9.60%,水平较低且仍在持续下探。受此影响,公司综合毛利率也持续承压,2022年到2024年分别为17.21%、14.36%、10.23%。

  毛利率承压,叠加2023年以来公司投资的金融产品收益波动导致的公允价值变动损益,公司净利率自2023年断崖式下跌,且持续保持低位。2022年到2024年公司净利率分别为11.35%、3.75%、1.31%,其盈利能力所面临的困境不容小觑。

  公司正处于二代接班的关键期前实控人以0元价格转让控股公司股权

  苏州固锝的创始人为吴念博先生,其于1956年出生,博士毕业后曾担任苏州市无线电元件十二厂车间主任、厂长。1990年,吴念博先生创办了苏州固锝,并于16年后将公司推上资本市场,成为中国半导体分立器件的首支A股。

  2024年11月16日,吴念博先生与吴炆皜先生签署《股权转让协议》,吴念博将其持有的苏州通博约68%的股权转让给其子吴炆皜先生,转让价格为人民币0元。转让完成后,吴念博持有苏州通博约26%的股权,吴炆皜先生持有苏州通博约68%的股权。

  2024年11月27日,苏州固锝发布公告称股权变更的工商登记手续已完成。转让完成后,苏州固锝的控股股东仍然为苏州通博,而实际控制人从吴念博变更为吴炆皜。

  据公司披露的简历,吴炆皜于1982年出生,于日本东京大学取得硕士研究生学历。2008年至2011年,其在汽车电子企业日本阿尔派株式会社担任项目经理。2016年左右,吴炆皜进入苏州固锝,历任总经理助理、副总经理等职务。2020年9月,吴炆皜完成接班,开始担任公司董事长,而其父亲吴念博则成为终身名誉董事长。

  在吴炆皜接班的早期,其成绩可谓出色,营收从2020年的18.05亿元提升至2022年的32.68亿元,复合增速高达34.57%,归母净利润则从0.90亿元提升至3.71亿元,复合增速更是达到102.57%。

  然而,随着半导体与光伏行业纷纷进入下行周期,苏州固锝的“两条腿”也陷入泥潭,为吴炆皜的经营带来不小的挑战。2022年到2024年,得益于光伏下游企业的旺盛需求,公司营收复合增速为31.34%,但供给端的产能内卷也导致光伏全产业链的价格压力,公司归母净利润复合增速却为-55.42%,增收不增利的现象明显。

  在此背景下,吴炆皜能否带领苏州固锝挺过行业寒冬,迎来下一轮上行周期,让我们拭目以待。

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