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  “近期,部分地方的金针菇价格一度出现脉冲式上涨,但很快回落。目前市价仍在成本价以下波动。”一位食用菌厂商负责人向上海证券报记者表示。

  食用菌行业是中国种植业中的第五大产业,但目前行业存在较为明显的供需失衡现象。行业龙头雪榕生物已连续四年亏损,实控人拟“卖壳”不干了。

  不过,记者近期多方采访获悉,以金针菇为代表的食用菌行业,似乎走到了行业格局要被重塑的关键时刻。

  2025年4月7日发布的《加快建设农业强国规划(2024—2035年)》明确提出,“发展生物科技、生物产业,壮大食用菌产业,推进合成生物产业化”。多位业内人士表示,食用菌不仅能提供品质高的菌类蛋白质,也能在一定程度上替代大豆等产品。随着食用菌产业地位不断提升,未来食用菌产业前景可期。

  供需失衡龙头连亏四年

  近期,雪榕生物公告了公司控制权变更框架协议。该协议生效后,公司的控股股东及实际控制人将发生变化。这引发了市场对于食用菌行业的关注。

  食用菌行业已成为中国农业种植业中继粮食、蔬菜、果树、油料之后的第五大产业。目前,工厂化生产的品种主要有金针菇、杏鲍菇、真姬菇、鹿茸菇及双孢蘑菇等五大品种。

  雪榕生物是国内食用菌行业龙头企业,公司连续四年亏损,并且2024年亏损进一步扩大。

  其他的食用菌公司情况如何?

  众兴菌业2024年年报显示,公司净利润同比下降19.77%,主要因为食用菌行业整体竞争加剧,公司金针菇产品供过于求,销售价格低迷。

  华绿生物业绩预告显示,公司预计2024年度业绩亏损3800万元至5600万元。

  万辰集团相关业务表现较弱,且公司已开始转型零食业务。

  事实上,A股市场此前也出现过不少以食用菌为主业的公司,例如星河生物、九发股份等,但均遭遇经营困境。

  食用菌行业上市公司业绩承压,与过度依赖大单品——金针菇业务有关系。

  一位研究人士向记者表示,整个行业金针菇平均培育成本在每公斤4元附近波动,但过去一年随着大量产品供给,金针菇销售价格大幅下行,参与者基本呈现亏损状态。

  记者了解到,目前全国金针菇日产能在6000吨以上。

  “造成目前行业供过于求的重要原因是缺少对于技术创新和消费者需求的关注,非理性大幅扩张产能,不少企业想通过较低的价格优势抢占市场。”上述研究人士表示。

  行业应避免战略短视

  从发展角度看,食用菌行业必须提质增效,走出符合国情的多样化成长途径。

  中国菌物学会食用真菌专业委员会主任鲍大鹏向记者表示,中国是拥有丰富食用菌种质资源的大国,市场需求也巨大,应该不断开发符合区域特点的新兴菌种,提升产品的风味和口感。从成长路径看,未来食用菌行业应侧重技术驱动,强化菌种自主研发能力,突破工艺设备协同壁垒,推动工厂化生产向智能化、低碳化升级。

  优化品类、分散风险也是应对此轮挑战的重要方式。

  过去几年,众兴菌业培育的第二大单品——双孢菇表现亮眼。公司在最新发布的提升估值计划中表示,将积极践行大农业观、大食物观的体系构建,除金针菇、双孢菇及北虫草外,推进“冬虫夏草工厂化仿生培育项目”建设,以优化产业结构,促进产品多样化,进一步提高公司抗风险能力。

  中国食用菌协会副会长毛传福表示,在资本市场中,食用菌产业更多是以工厂化龙头公司为引领,并集中于金针菇这一大单品。事实上,食用菌是一个很丰富的品类,包括常见的香菇、木耳、平菇、金针菇、真姬菇等100多种品类。在发展中,食用菌企业必须坚持两个原则:首先是坚持多品类,不能过于押注金针菇品种,食用菌有更多元和丰富的产品线;其次是拉长产业链,要与整个食品产业链结合,与人类的健康相结合。

  “例如当前流行的菇酱、猴头菇饼干等都是大众喜爱的产品。”毛传福表示。

  向海外进行技术输出,也是食用菌行业走出困境的选择之一。

  上海丰科生物总经理张文宏表示,去年一些国家出口的金针菇携带有危害健康的李斯特菌,这也为我国企业提供了出海良机。

  张文宏认为,现代农业必须参考先进制造业的理念经营和发展,中国目前有能力向海外市场进行技术输出。食用菌工厂化制造端,要持续推动产业升级,建立菌种研发、工业化生产、智能调控、供应链管控一体化新模式。同时,在科技创新上,应将食用菌工厂化品种的选育主体调整到企业端,充分发挥产学研合作机制、科学家的能量和价值,推动好品种加速应用,并加强企业端品种知识产权保护和维权的支持力度。

  不可忽视的菌类蛋白

  如今,食用菌产业的重要地位正在不断提升。食用菌不仅能提供品质高的菌类蛋白质,同时也能对大豆等产品提供替代属性。未来食用菌产业的前景被业界看好。

  国家食用菌产业技术体系产业经济研究室主任颜廷武曾撰文表示,大力发展食用菌产业,通过生物科技实现“向微生物要蛋白”,将成为蛋白替代策略中技术最可行、前景最广阔的路径选择。据估算,若将每年四分之一的秸秆和林木生物质资源用于生产食用菌,可获取蛋白质约3150万吨,相当于6亿亩农田种植大豆所生产的蛋白质。

  这一数据被业界认为是食用菌蛋白质产业体量的一个理论愿景。

  数据显示,食用菌蛋白质是一种优质的、具有巨大潜力的替代蛋白。其中,干食用菌中蛋白质含量一般在19%至35%之间,而大米含量为7.3%,小麦为13.2%,大豆为39.1%,牛奶为25.2%。

  同时,与植物蛋白质相比,菌类蛋白质的优势是含有9种人体必需氨基酸。比如,谷物蛋白质中赖氨酸含量较低,豆类蛋白质中含硫氨基酸较低。

  国家食用菌产业技术体系首席科学家谭琦说,食用菌是大食物观中营养与健康的重要载体。食用菌具有天然、安全、营养的特点,提供优质蛋白、活性成分和微量元素。以科技支撑、健康转型、价值提升为主的供给侧和消费侧调整是食用菌健康产业发展的主要趋势,是健康中国营养与健康载体的重要支撑。

  按照当前年产4000万吨各种食用菌,以鲜菇1.95%至3.60%的蛋白质含量计算,食用菌一年约生产78万吨至144万吨菌物蛋白质。

  “菌类蛋白质开发还有很长的路要走。”谭琦认为,在产业视角上,可以通过食用菌产品的多元化、优质化、营养化和绿色化,实现食用菌产业的价值提升,尤其是在主产区,加强以市场为导向,以全产业链为支撑,以把初级产品变成商品和爆品为目标的新型食用菌产业体系,可以解决产品单一、缺少竞争力的问题。未来,食用菌是可以食用的高效细胞工厂,是为大众提供更健康、安全和美味的未来食品。

  (文章来源:上海证券报)

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