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  买台机器人“保姆”?再等等

  春日的北京,一场充满未来感的马拉松赛事吸引了众人的目光——全球首个人形机器人半程马拉松赛在21.0975公里的赛道上展开角逐,20支机器人队伍参赛。无论这些钢铁之躯是蹒跚学步还是稳步疾行,必须承认的事实是:它们的每一步都闪烁着人类智慧的火花。

  不妨先来回溯一下人类近半个世纪的人形机器人探索之路:1973年,在日本早稻田大学实验室,WABOT-1以45秒一步的龟速挪动,揭开了人形机器人的序幕。

  此后,科研人员以人类自身为蓝本不断精进——本世纪初,日本本田公司发布的阿西莫机器人实现了上下楼梯;2013年,美国波士顿动力公司发布的人形机器人Atlas运动能力惊人,在跑步机上健步如飞,还能跳跃、旋转、翻滚;2022年,美国发布人形机器人擎天柱,可以在汽车工厂搬运箱子、抓取金属棒等。

  人形机器人主要由“大脑”“小脑”和“本体”三部分协同支配。以让人形机器人拿起某个东西为例——要拆解指令、识别环境、规划路径,就要求“大脑”具备多层级决策能力;要完成走、拿、递等具体动作,则需“小脑”精准控制。

  AI大模型的问世,让人形机器人拥有了性能更好的“大脑”。“更好”体现在哪呢?此前的人形机器人像一个“提线木偶”,依赖“预先编好的程序”或单一功能的AI,应用场景受限;而大模型的出现让人形机器人加速增长智慧,开始“读懂”环境,能有一定程度的自主决策交互,拓宽了应用场景。

  不过,当前限制人形机器人发展最大的瓶颈仍是“大脑”——软件方面,面向跨场景的高质量、大规模数据比较缺失;硬件方面,面向机器脑的专用算力芯片还需进一步研发和普及。

  人形机器人会在哪些领域率先应用呢?工信部印发的《人形机器人创新发展指导意见》给出了三方面场景:服务特种领域需求,打造制造业典型场景,加快民生及重点行业推广。

  服务特种领域需求主要是在条件恶劣、场景危险的环境下作业,像民爆、救援等,需要人形机器人来降低工作危险性。比如,电力特种人形机器人,可承受零下40℃极寒和80℃高温,在深山老林精准查找故障点。

  在制造业,目前人形机器人承担的是繁重、泛化性强、高度重复的工作,例如搬运颜色、重量、尺寸各不相同的箱子,分拣不同形状的零配件。

  人形机器人要进入更广泛的真实应用,还要先进行“职业技能培训”。这是因为机器人在三维世界跟有形物体进行交互的数据不可能从互联网获取,只能通过大量投入人力、物力,才能采集到海量真实的交互数据。

  以教机器人做家务为例,就需要上百名数据采集员头戴VR眼镜、手持操作手柄,“手把手”教机器人叠衣服、收拾碗筷、倒茶、超市收银……每个动作需要机器人重复数百次。这种训练借助人工操作机器人完成任务,采集多维数据,然后将数据输入具身智能模型,成熟后再将模型赋予机器人,使它获得新技能。

  这样看,买一台机器人“保姆”还需多久?

  不会太快!理想中的机器人“保姆”应该能达到这样的水平——让它做一道松鼠鳜鱼,它不仅能处理活鱼,还会改刀、油炸、炒糖色、浇汁等。但目前的机器人根本达不到,有专家预计,至少要再过十几年才有可能吃到机器人做的这道菜。

  实际上,相比进太空,人形机器人进家庭的难度更高、周期更长。这是因为家是一个复杂的环境——可能有老人、小孩和猫狗;不同地面的平整度、摩擦力也不一样,人形机器人行走时可能有倾倒的风险等。

  未来进入家庭的人形机器人也不能是现有机械、电子结构堆叠的样子,还需要借助新材料形成模拟人体的肌肉、骨骼,这也是人形机器人要攻克的技术难点之一。(光明日报记者詹媛)新闻结尾 铁扇奥特曼,感受真实互动,带你进入全新直播世界!的相关文章
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