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  从空翻到快跑,从进厂上岗到助人爬山,近年来,具身智能机器人的精彩表现让人目不暇接。2025年,“具身智能”被首次写入《政府工作报告》。这种被喻为“有了物理身体的智能”,相比善于思考的语言大模型,更强调与现实世界的动态交互。而具身智能机器人,正是这一领域的“代言人”。

  截至2024年底,广东深圳已聚集了约210家具身智能机器人相关企业,并推出“18条”行动计划推动产业发展。目前具身智能机器人产业包含哪些环节,有哪些前沿成果?透过深圳这个观察窗口,记者进行了探访。

  ——编者

  硬件制造——

  仿生灵巧手

  轻捏起草莓而不弄破

  机器人缓缓伸出一只手,轻轻捏起一颗草莓而不弄破,力度拿捏精准,动作也很自然。

  这一幕发生在帕西尼感知科技(深圳)有限公司的实验室里。“过去机器人能看、能听,却无法通过‘触摸’感受世界、掌控力度。”公司创始人、首席执行官许晋诚介绍,“像人一样的机器人,未来也能感受到玻璃和棉花的触感差异。”

  触觉传感技术,对机器人理解物理世界十分关键。一只仿生灵巧手上,排布着近千个高精度触觉传感器,就像机器人的“神经末梢”。伸手“触摸”外界物体的瞬间,机器人便掌握了压感、滑动、纹理等15个维度的信息,其精度足以辨识三四粒大米的重量。

  作为全球电子硬件供应链的核心枢纽,深圳拥有完整的机器人零部件制造体系,无论是触觉传感器、激光雷达、伺服电机,还是动力足、机械臂、灵巧手,都能快速在周边找全配齐。

  “以前在海外做研发,采购零部件也是从大湾区发货。”许晋诚说。如今扎根深圳,供应链就在“家门口”,“原本3个月的研发周期缩短到一两周,让我们能快速迭代产品,同时降低成本。”2024年,帕西尼公司触觉传感器的出货量成倍增长,绝大多数应用在自动化及人形机器人上。

  “发展具身智能不仅契合深圳的产业生态,也能成为未来产业竞争的关键制高点。”深圳市委科创委办公室主任、市科技创新局局长张林表示。

  具身智能发展关键在于“AI+硬件”的结合。深圳机器人产业链完整,但在AI芯片、精密制造、控制系统等核心技术领域还有不足,部分关键零部件受制于人,相关标准体系尚不完善。

  面对挑战,深圳紧盯短板,组织实施科技重大专项,围绕关键零部件、机器人AI芯片、仿生灵巧手、本体控制技术等领域开展关键核心技术攻关。同时,加快标准体系建设和知识产权保护,围绕具身智能机器人软硬件接口、评价测试等领域,制定一批标准。

  软件研发——

  聪明的“大脑”

  把散落的衣服叠整齐

  对机器人来说,叠好一件衣服,为什么要比搬几箱重物更具挑战?原来,柔软的面料一旦被抓起,形状变化就难以预测,大大增加了感知和控制的难度。

  在深圳自变量机器人科技公司,具身智能通用大模型为机器人装上了聪明的“大脑”,成功解决了这一难题。只见一台双臂机器人动作灵活,实时判断衣物形变,智能调整力度,不一会儿就把散落的衣服折叠整齐。

  “传统机器人只能按照预设路径重复动作,没法突破既定场景。它们的瓶颈不在硬件,而在智能。”公司创始人兼首席执行官王潜表示,具身大模型让机器人能自主感知、判断并执行操作,完成复杂精细的任务。

  无需编程、无需遥控,机器人通过少量样本学习,便学会了摆放杯碟,无论杯碟的形状、大小和放立姿态如何,都能应对自如,就像人类凭直觉完成任务。

  “我们用单一的大模型来解决所有问题。从感知到动作的全过程,以及不同任务的训练和执行,全部在同一大模型中完成。”王潜说,“未来,我们希望机器人能‘看一次就学会’,甚至直接理解指令,自主完成。”

  深圳的大模型技术起步较晚。南方科技大学机器人研究院院长助理魏振华表示,深圳正在快速追赶,弥补各方面差距。发展AI大模型,人才是关键。深圳在高校资源上相对不足,人才主要依赖外部引进。为此,深圳一手抓学科建设,一手抓人才招引,千方百计服务好人才。

  “最近,我们正在引进国际人才,感受到了深圳完善的配套支持和高效的政务服务。”王潜透露,创业初期,自变量机器人公司便得到了深圳市天使投资引导基金的关注和支持。成立一年多来,已完成6轮融资,总金额达到数亿元。

  数据是大模型发展的宝贵矿产。“如何更高效完整地获取场景数据,对大模型的研发进步至关重要。”在有关部门的支持下,魏振华团队的巡检机器狗,走进了多个城市建设现场,采集数据、深化学习。

  深圳市科技创新局相关负责人介绍,深圳正加快构建具身智能开源开放平台和多模态训练开源数据集,涵盖30万组高频动作,支持人形机器人训练。同时,还将提供算力、语料等资源要素补贴,支持企业发展。

  场景多元——

  提供试验场

  机器狗能记路会巡逻

  “哒哒哒哒……”凌晨1点多,深圳宝安区某居民小区,一只四足机器狗从安保室起身,迈着碎步走出门去。小区地形并不平坦,它步伐稳重地绕过花坛、迈上台阶,逐一检查安全死角,排查风险。

  “机器狗上岗后,小区夜间人工巡逻时间减少了4小时。”深圳市德胜物业服务有限公司副总经理杨阳介绍,“小区监控有盲区,有些地方轮式车没法抵达,能爬楼的机器狗正好补上空缺。”

  机器狗上岗前,深圳市火狗智能电子科技有限公司团队带着它来到小区。不到半天的时间,它在小区转了一圈,认认门、记记路。很快,安排好巡逻路线和时间后,机器狗正式“入职”小区安保队伍。

  “机器狗不需要提前扫描录入地形,就可以自主适应野外的复杂地形并保持平衡。”火狗智能创始人曹伟景介绍,这只机器狗当前售价超30万元。由于价格较高且还处于初期阶段,它采用租赁方式被“聘用”上岗,每月“工资”数千元。

  “目前,机器狗主要做些定点巡逻检查,不需要人为干预,但也不能响应指令。希望以后能实现一声令下就去工作。”杨阳表示,随着技术进步和成本降低,他们计划未来再考虑大规模采购。

  物业公司试用尝鲜的同时,火狗智能也在试点收集公开场景数据训练机器狗,帮助它们进化升级。“目前,相关应用还没有大规模铺开,需要采集更多现实场景数据完成功能适配。”曹伟景说。

  机器狗在建筑工地检查施工安全,人形机器人走进工厂实训打工,外骨骼机器人让游客爬山如履平地……在深圳,越来越多的具身智能机器人正走上岗位,虽然离大规模应用还有一段距离,但未来已见雏形。

  据介绍,深圳将以“应开尽开”原则,向人工智能和机器人开放城市全域全时全场景。从市政环卫、应急救援到医疗康养,政府部门和国企主动敞开大门;制造业企业也积极开放质量检测、流水线组装和物料搬运等场景,为技术创新提供广阔的“试验场”,帮助新技术更好更快变成产品、进入千行百业、千家万户。

  记者手记

  产业发展要有信心有耐心

  “不挣钱,还在烧钱”——走访中,这是记者听到最多的一句话。这也道出了具身智能产业的当前状态。就产业而言,思考有三:

  应用领域是否花拳绣腿?市场化,最重需求。空翻再漂亮,舞蹈再好看,还要有人愿意买单。有真实的应用场景,产业才能真正落到实处。采访中,能看到企业正努力锤炼机器人的能力,使之能更好地帮助人类工作。与此同时,也有部门正积极助力探索应用场景,帮助新技术更快更好变为产品。

  产业链条方面是否孤岛竞争?每家都有炫技“绝活”,有自己的技术路线。但就技术本身,没秘密可言,比的主要是研发速度与宣传力度。这也意味着,企业倾向于自研核心零部件,主推自己的大模型,构建自己保密、可控、便捷的产业链。政府侧重构建创新生态的“热带雨林”,比如聚集上下游产业、补贴资源要素、构建基础语料中心等。

  机器人能否包揽家务、帮忙养老?专家预测,未来5—10年,机器人可能长得更高,去开冰箱、浇花、洗菜、洗碗、搬行李等,可以“具身”,未必是人形。即便没那么科幻,但市场前景值得想象。

  当前,具身智能产业飞速发展。这是我国产业活力的体现,也是产业发展的必经阶段,各方要有信心,也要有耐心。

  聪明又灵巧,机器人如何做到(经济聚焦·未来产业看未来)

  本报记者吕绍刚

  《人民日报》(2025年04月16日第10版)新闻结尾 赵振和白洁在宾馆3天_合作案例分析,跨界联动的成功之道的相关文章
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