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  谁还记得春兰空调?

  上世纪90年代,春兰空调、华宝空调,一南一北横霸空调市场,后来华宝和科龙合并,春兰空调母公司春兰股份因战略失策,逐渐退出主流市场。

  在格力、美的等头部品牌的碾压之下,春兰股份已在空调市场彻底失声,仅靠房地产和投资业务勉力维持。

  目前,公司年营收规模已萎缩至1亿元以下,随着手里存量房产开发完毕,以及投资收益不确定性加大,春兰股份又站在了一个面临抉择的十字路口。

  彻底掉队

  在中国空调市场,春兰股份(600854.SH)已彻底边缘化。

  近期,公司在2024年报中披露,其空调年销量1.9万台套,销售收入3269.45万元。相比当年全行业销量18977万台套、超过2000亿元的零售规模,春兰空调几乎可以忽略不计。

  头部品牌的市场表现依旧强劲。去年上半年,格力电器空调业务收入779.61亿元,同比增长11.38%。全年,美的集团(000333.SZ)包括暖通空调在内的智能家居业务收入2695亿元,同比增长9.41%。

  行业两强,在空调市场你争我夺、推陈出新,这些和春兰股份的关系已然不大。这个曾经的行业巨头,自2016年起,就已暂停家用空调器的生产,将生产环节交予第三方,自己仅负责代理销售。

  将空调主业甩手后,公司专心发展房地产业务。近年随着行业调整,房地产业务遭遇重挫,去年,实现收入2208.55万元,同比下降75.38%。

  去年全年,春兰股份实现营业收入9197.99万元、归母净利润1.33亿元,同比分别下降46.83%和9.97%。其净利润主要来源于其他权益工具投资获得的收益约1.22亿元,同比增加2455.80万元。

  两大业务都Hold不住了。关键是,公司16前年置入的土地资源已经开发完毕,目前仅有部分存量房在售。

  多元化拖累

  很多人将春兰股份掉队空调市场,归咎于多元化扩张。

  1994年,春兰空调年销量超过百万台,销售规模突破53亿元,市场占有率高达40%,绝对的行业老大。同年,春兰股份成功登陆资本市场。

  然而,公司并没有借助资本市场的优势,继续将主业做大做强。

  1996年,在控股股东春兰集团一次高层次发展战略研讨会上,企业灵魂人物陶建幸抛出自己的观点,认为国内空调市场已经饱和,摩托车、家用汽车更有市场前景。

  在他的主导下,公司先后涉足摩托车、家用汽车行业。推出的春兰虎、春兰豹系列摩托车,定位高端,每台售价5000元。1997年,当时人均年收入不到千元,公司摩托车业务还是在半年内创下销售6万台、销售近10亿元的纪录。

  好景不长,2001年开始的禁摩、限牌政策出台,以及重庆摩帮低价冲击市场,春兰的摩托车业务面临巨大压力。

  春兰同时启动的汽车业务,更加曲折。1996年轿车项目没有拿到“准生证”,只得向卡车领域突围,2001年,春兰卡车成功上市,靠性价比收获卡友好评。

  不过,随着卡车市场重心向30吨以上重卡产品转移,公司主推的15吨卡车,逐渐丧失优势。

  空调之外,春兰股份也曾四处布局其他家用电器,成立电冰箱合资企业,主要生产LG和春兰两大品牌。LG冰箱一度销量惊人,公司却选择将电冰箱业务卖给LG草草收场。洗衣机、彩电等业务,春兰股份均有尝试,效果均不如意。

  陶建幸多元化的初衷,主要是想把春兰打造成中国的通用。为此,他在2000年造访CE总部,向杰克·韦尔奇取经,结果对方给他泼了一盆冷水,“多元化不取决于你的资产和年龄,取决于你的能力。”

  2004年,春兰股份将卡车业务转让给徐工科技,多年的多元化终于划上句号。

  此时的春兰股份,已是元气大伤,越来越虚弱,2005年迎来上市以来首次亏损,空调销售75万台,被踢出行业前十。此后两年也没能扭转亏损的局面,2008年5月被上交所暂停上市。

  靠副业续命

  2009年11月,停牌18个月的春兰股份复牌,但它已经不再是家电股,而是地产股。

  为保住上市地位,公司置入泰州星威60%股权,以及合计约15.55万平方米土地,并称有望在2011年前后成为公司新的主营业务收入和盈利来源。

  除此之外,还拿到了国电泰州发电有限公司10%股权,以期为带来稳定的投资收益。

  公司寄予厚望的房地产业务,多年以来收入规模维持几千万级,在2017年、2018年才达到收入高峰,分别实现营业收入3.26亿元和2.43亿元,所占公司收入的39.82%和36.83%。因为鲜少在公开市场拿地开发,依赖的存量土地资源开发的项目交付越来越少,收入规模逐年下降。

  与此同时,公司的空调业务急速萎靡,2009年空调收入7.41亿元,到2023年仅为3797.79万元,同期,空调销量由50万台套降至2.2万台套。

  两大主业均表现不佳,公春兰股份能资本市场活到今天,几乎全靠投资副业。国电泰州发电外,公司还于2013年增资国能龙源环保泰州公司,持有10%股权。

  自2013年开始,这两家企业每年贡献投资收益合计在5000万元以上。2017年,仅国电泰州发电,就贡献1.02亿元投资收益。

  现在的春兰股份,正走到了一个十字路口。空调业务委托生产缺乏市场竞争力、房地产业务仅剩尾盘销售,未来靠什么?这不仅是中小投资者们困扰已久的事情,同时也是留给公司决策层的一道考题。

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