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什么是麻豆,如何改变消费者的购物习惯?
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什么是麻豆,如何改变消费者的购物习惯?

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  来源:华尔街见闻

  野村指出,特朗普关税妥协后,可能会使用弱美元大棒,因为弱美元短期内不会导致物价立刻上涨,还能减少贸易赤字。因此作为降低关税的条件,特朗普可能会施压日本合作,一起让美元贬值、日元升值。但日元急剧升值可能导致日本GDP两年内下滑0.7%-1.4%,日本政府可能难以接受。

  特朗普可能会施压日本,要么接受高关税,要么合作推动日元升值。

  4月24日周四,日本财务大臣加藤胜信将于4月24日在华盛顿与贝森特就外汇问题展开谈判。据新华社报道,日本经济再生大臣赤泽亮上周与美方进行了首轮谈判。随后,据环球时报,日本首相石破茂上周表态称,在与美国政府举行的关税谈判中,日本“不打算做出重大让步,也不会急于达成协议”。

  根据野村证券4月23日的研报,美国可能会在外汇谈判中施压日本,要求日本配合美国通过让美元贬值、日元升值来减少美国贸易赤字,并以此为条件降低关税。

  特朗普的核心目标是减少贸易赤字,关税和弱美元政策都能实现这一目标。此前,关税政策引发了市场暴跌和公众批评,特朗普做出了妥协,也因此变得更加谨慎。相比之下,弱美元政策不会立刻引发物价上涨或经济放缓,因此特朗普可能会选择这一策略,通过施压日本合作来推动美元贬值。

  然而,日本政府面临日元快速升值带来的巨大经济风险,可能难以接受特朗普的要求。野村证券预计,日元升值可能导致日本GDP在两年内下降0.67%至1.41%。

  特朗普妥协关税下一步:发挥弱美元优势

  野村指出,目前关税与外汇谈判的具体关联尚不清楚,但美国方面要求进行外汇谈判,因此加藤还是得准备好应对一种情况,就是美国政府可能会把外汇问题和关税问题绑在一起,施压日本做出让步。毕竟美国不是第一次施压日元升值,逼日本开放市场、增加美国进口。

  这不得不提到特朗普政府的主要目的。野村指出,特朗普第二任期的主要目标之一是削减美国贸易赤字,他通常有两种手段——关税和削弱美元。

  具体来说,关税会提高进口商品的价格,并削弱海外商品在美国市场的竞争力,美国从而可以减少进口。而美元贬值也能够减少美国的贸易赤字,因为美元贬值将提高美国商品在国际市场上的竞争力,促进美国出口增长,同时减少进口。

  最重要的是,弱美元政策相比关税有明显的优势。例如,关税会带来肉眼可见的问题,比如美国本土价格上涨、经济放缓、被公众批评。而这些问题通常在实施弱美元政策的初期不会出现,因为大部分美国进出口合同以美元结算,美元贬值初期不会像关税那样,让美国进口商品的国内物价立即上涨,而且同时美国商品在国际市场上会更便宜,会增加美国出口,有助于减少贸易赤字。

  但需要注意的是,美元贬值也有风险,市场觉得美元没那么值钱了,金融市场吸引力变小,资金会从美国流出至其他国家。1985年《广场协议》后,美元贬值得太快,还引发了1987年的股市崩盘。

  特朗普此前宣布对等关税就面临了这些问题,华尔街的批评、百姓的指责,还引发金融市场暴跌,市场担心关税会推高物价引发经济放缓。特朗普后续的妥协也表明,此次事件显然对特朗普政府产生了影响,使其在关税政策上变得更加谨慎。

  所以,考虑到弱美元的优势,不太会像关税那样引发公众批评和物价快速上涨,特朗普政府很可能会决定采取弱美元策略作为下一步行动。因此,特朗普想达成类似《广场协议》的“海湖庄园协议”来压制美元。在1985年的《广场协议》中,各国和美国达成共识,合作解决美元过度升值的问题。

  特朗普的“小算盘”

  在达成《广场协议》后,世界主要经济体曾担心美元贬值会引起全球经济和金融动荡,因此各国协调合作,通过有序控制美元贬值来避免这种冲击。但如今,世界经济体不再那么担心美元崩溃,所以不太可能和特朗普政府合作,通过共同干预外汇市场来削弱美元。

  特朗普政府可能会将施压日本作为推动“海湖庄园协议”的一步,希望美国的贸易伙伴在贬值美元方面合作。因为日本被认为是一个容易施压的国家,特朗普可能会要求日本合作削弱美元,来换取降低日本关税税率的条件。

  如果日本同意在协调干预中卖出美元,购买日元,导致日元快速升值,那么美国的美元贬值政策可能会很有效。

  日本的“两难”

  当年《广场协议》签完后,美元贬值,日元升值。一开始,日元升值对日本经济也有好处,比如让日本进口商品更便宜,帮助稳定物价,还能促进个人消费的复苏。但要是日元升值太快,就会对日本经济造成很大伤害。

  野村测算发现,日元快速升值可能导致日本GDP在两年内下降0.67%至1.41%范围之间。

  野村认为,特朗普政府如果想让日本帮忙,一起让美元贬值、日元升值,作为降低关税的条件。但日本政府很清楚,日元快速升值对日本经济伤害很大,所以很难答应特朗普的要求。

  美元贬值势头难以遏制

  野村指出,在分析美元贬值对美国经济和贸易的影响时,通常可以看美元实际有效汇率(REER),它能体现美国产品在国际市场上的价格竞争力。简单来说,这个指数越高,说明美元越强,美国产品在国际市场上就越贵,竞争力就越弱。

  2025年3月最新数据显示,美元实际有效汇率(REER)是109.5,该数值在历史上在相对较高,仅比1985年3月《广场协议》前的116.4低5.9个百分点,表示美元相对强势,美国产品在国际市场上价格不低,竞争力不够强。

  当年《广场协议》签完后,美元开始快速贬值。为了稳定美元,各国在1987年2月又签了个《卢浮宫协议》,希望联手干预汇率市场,让美元不再那么快贬值。然而,这些努力都没用,美元实际有效汇率(REER)还是继续下跌,到1988年12月跌到了78.5。

  野村称,历史经验表明,一旦美元贬值趋势形成,并开始积累动能,即使其他国家合作干预,也很难遏制美元的下行趋势。因此,操控汇率的措施风险较大。

  精神航空公司周四表示,在这家低成本航空公司摆脱破产困境几周后,已获得在纽约证券交易所上市其股票的批准。

  该公司称,其股票预计将于4月29日开始交易。

  去年11月,纽约证券交易所将精神航空公司的股票摘牌,原因是这家美国低成本航空公司在多年亏损、合并尝试失败以及背负沉重债务后申请了破产。

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