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  出品:新浪财经上市公司研究院

  作者:IPO再融资组/郑权

  4月14日晚间,江波龙发布公告称,公司港股IPO申请获中国证监会接受,距港股上市向前推进了一步。

  2022年8月,江波龙在A股上市,募资23.38亿元。在2019-2021年上市前的三年,江波龙净利润从1.28亿元飙升至10.13亿元,三年增长7倍。然而在上市当年,江波龙扣非归母净利润大降95%,第二年巨亏8.8亿元,迅速“变脸”。

  不少投资者对江波龙上市前盈利指数级增长与上市后盈利大降迅速巨亏产生质疑。与同行公司相比,江波龙净利润大起大落的情况颇为异常。此外,江波龙招股书披露的数据与联芸科技披露的数据有较大差异,江波龙年报披露的核心财务数据与港股IPO招股书披露的数据又有很大差异,公司财务数据的真实性需要打上大大的问号。

  IPO前三年净利润暴增7倍上市当年扣非净利润大降95%第二年巨亏8.8亿元

  资料显示,江波龙主要从事Flash及DRAM存储器的研发、设计和销售,司拥有嵌入式存储、固态硬盘、移动存储和内存条四大产品线。

  2022年8月,江波龙在A股创业板上市,募资23.38亿元,中信建投保荐。

  IPO前的2019-2021年,江波龙分别实现营业收入57.21亿元、72.76亿元、97.49亿元,同比分别增长35.29%、27.19%、33.99%;分别实现归母净利润1.28亿元、2.76亿元、10.13亿元,同比分别增长326.73%、115.48%、266.73%。

  A股创业板上市前三年,江波龙净利润激增7倍。但在上市当年的2022年,江波龙的扣非归母净利润就大幅下降至0.38亿元,同比下降95.92%。

  到了2023年,江波龙扣非归母净利润为-8.82亿元,巨亏近9亿元,上市后业绩“变脸”速度快、幅度大。

  江波龙表示,2022年以来,受疫情反复、俄乌冲突以及全球通胀高企等不利因素影响,全球经济下行风险加剧,市场需求持续疲软,特别是下半年存储市场供大于求,量价齐跌,2022年业绩大幅下滑。2023年,公司所在的存储行业,受到终端消费需求萎靡以及相关不利宏观因素的影响,大幅亏损。

  按照江波龙的解释,公司业绩“大变脸”主要受宏观、行业影响。事实上,江波龙的同行可比公司并没有出现净利润如此巨大的波动。

  A股IPO招股书中,江波龙SmartGlobal(SGH.O,无法查询财务数据)、威刚(3260.TWO)、海盗船(CRSR.O)和创见(2451.TW)作为同行可比公司。

  Wind数据显示,威刚、创见信息、CORSAIRGAMING三家公司2021年的归母净利润分别较2019年增长404.35%、46.52%、-1302.76%,皆远远低于江波龙同期的690%。

  2023年,江波龙由盈利转巨亏,威刚净利润同比增长69.89%;创见信息净利润降幅仅19.13%,CORSAIRGAMING净利润同比增长95.24%。

  由此可见,江波龙A股IPO前夕的净利润暴增与上市后净利润暴跌、迅速转亏,与同行可比公司并没有一致性。

  根据《中国注册会计师协会关于印发<审计技术提示第1号——财务欺诈风险>的通知》(已废止),“与同行业的其他公司相比,获利能力过高或增长速度过快”,是值得关注的预警信号。因此,江波龙的IPO前夕净利润暴增的情况值得关注。

  此外,公司净利润与经营净现金流的严重背离也值得高度关注。2019-2024年,公司六年的扣非归母净利润合计6.69亿元,经营活动产生的现金流净额为-48.74亿元,严重背离。

  根据上述文件,“经营活动产生的现金流量净额连年为负值,或虽然账面盈利且利润不断增长,但经营活动没有带来正的现金流量净额”也是值得关注的财务预警信号。

  核心财务数据严重“打架”

  江波龙的大起大落的盈利数据不仅与同行公司不一致,而且公司A股IPO招股书的数据,上市后披露的核心数据,出现了多处严重矛盾的情况。

  据关联方联芸科技招股书,公司2019年至2021年SSD主控芯片销售均价为13.78元/颗、12.59元/颗、11.57元/颗。

来源:联芸科技招股书

  值得关注的是,江波龙是联芸科技2019-2021年前三大客户,销售金额分别占同期营业收入比为18.07%、14.87%、16.43%。江波龙招股书披露,公司2019年至2021年采购SSD主控芯片的单价分别为2.14元/颗、1.9元/颗、2.21元/颗,与联芸科技披露的数据存在严重差异。

来源:江波龙A股招股书

  江波龙的年报财务数据还与港股IPO招股书有很大差异。如公司年报披露的2022-2024年的毛利率分别为12.4%、8.19%、19.05%,港股IPO招股书披露的同期数据分别为10.4%、4.7%、15.8%,与年报披露的数据差异很大。

来源:江波龙年报

  不仅综合毛利率存在较大差异,江波龙细分产品的毛利率也有很大差异,以2024年为例,年报披露的嵌入式存储、移动存储、固态硬盘系列产品的毛利率分别为17.45%、29.51%、15.93%,港股IPO招股书披露的数据分别为13.8%、28%、14.4%,也有很大差异。

来源:江波龙港股IPO招股书

  值得注意的是,江波龙年报披露的营业收入数据与港股IPO披露的数据一致,2022-2024年的数据都是83.3亿元、101.25亿元、174.64亿元,并且细分产品收入也相同,但为何毛利率有如此之大的差异?公司财务数据的真实性有待检验。

  刚扭亏就分红

  江波龙本次香港IPO募资金额拟用于用于扩大公司的整体产能,从而增强公司的内部生产能力;增强公司在关键领域的独立研发及创新能力,包括存储器及主控芯片设计、固件设计、封装基板设计及测试技术等;加强公司的销售及营销,从而提高公司自有品牌的全球知名度及培养客户忠实度;及用于营运资金及其他一般公司用途。

  值得关注的是,江波龙刚刚在2022年8月通过IPO募资23.38亿元,不到三年又要上市募资。

  2022年及2024年,江波龙分別宣派现金股息人民币1.98亿元及1.04亿元,合计3.02亿元,相当于两年内扣非归母净利润总和的147%。

  尤其是2024年的1.04亿元的分红十分值得关注,江波龙分红时间是2024年10月,属于2024年上半年分红。2024年上半年,江波龙刚扭亏为盈,就迫不及待分红。

  2024年末,江波龙实控人蔡华波及蔡丽江分别直接持有江波龙38.96%及3.53%的股权,2022年和2024年的两次分红,两位实控人合计从江波龙分走了约1.29亿元。

  2024年第三季度、第四季度,江波龙扣非归母净利润分别为-0.42亿元、-3.3亿元,较上半年两个季度的盈利又转亏。

  江波龙分红的争议点还包括公司有息负债压顶、经营活动产生的现金流净额常年为负,在有募资需求的情况下刚扭亏就要巨额分红。

  截至2024年年末,江波龙短期借款、一年内到期的非流动负债、长期借款、应付债券、租赁负债合计77.66亿元,同期账面上的货币资金及交易性金融资产合计不到12亿元。

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