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特朗普政府实施的“对等关税”政策导致进口成本飙升。越来越多的美国企业通过社交媒体平台表达他们的焦虑与不满。一家婴幼儿产品商表示,她的企业不久将出现断货危机。而对许多本土小企业来说,加征关税的政策带来的“不是阵痛,而是猝死”。

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新京报记者朱月红 编辑胡杰校对刘军

今年4月,美国佛罗里达州玩具制造商“BasicFun”首席执行官杰伊·福尔曼陷入了前所未有的经营困境。每天,他不得不耗费大量时间应对一件事:特朗普政府实施的“对等关税”政策导致进口成本飙升。

“员工们焦虑不安,我承受着巨大的压力。”4月17日,福尔曼在接受新京报记者采访时坦言。作为一家90%产品来自中国的玩具企业,BasicFun正面临着全行业性的挑战——据美国玩具协会统计,美国市场近80%的玩具都产自中国。

这场关税风暴始于4月2日,特朗普政府签署“对等关税”行政令,对全球贸易伙伴实施10%的“最低基准关税”,并对部分贸易伙伴征收更高关税。其中,美国对华关税税率一路攀升至100%以上,引起中方坚决反制。虽然部分贸易伙伴获得了90天的暂缓期,但对于像BasicFun这样的企业来说,生存考验已经迫在眉睫。

━━━━━

产品订单“按下暂停键”

对企业而言,高额关税意味着进口成本激增。

福尔曼所在的BasicFun公司专注于设计和营销经典玩具产品。“美国对华加征10%的关税,我们通过与中国制造商分担成本,勉强维持零售价稳定,随着关税税率上升至20%后,利润空间被挤压,我们不得不重新协商成本分摊方案,并小幅提价。”

然而,随着特朗普政府对华加征大额关税,遭到中国反制后又进一步推高关税至100%以上,中国产的玩具已经没有利润空间。

“玩具行业的利润空间极其有限,如此高的关税已经完全超出了行业承受能力。”福尔曼表示,“如果坚持进口,所有成本最终都只能转嫁给美国消费者,但这显然行不通。”

▲2023年10月,福尔曼在美国的一个玩具展会上。网络截图

福尔曼以一款经典的玩具卡车为例算了笔账:如果按照145%的关税计算,其零售价将不得不从29.99美元调整至79.99美元,这难以让美国消费者买单。他无奈地表示,“现在每个到港的集装箱都意味着新的亏损,我们不得不暂停部分业务线的运营。”

福尔曼透露,“目前,我们主动暂停了来自中国的发货,绝大多数中国客户已经暂停了关税超过20%的产品订单,等待关税形势进一步明朗。”在这个等待的过程中,他有时需要通过观看体育比赛等方式来缓解压力。

据福尔曼了解,当前的高关税政策正在威胁美国中小玩具企业的生存:“我们行业里绝大多数小型玩具公司是本土经营,这些企业依赖中国制造的进口商品。如果高关税长期持续,他们可能很快破产。”

玩具行业的这一困境并非个案,越来越多的美国企业通过社交媒体平台表达他们的焦虑与不满。

婴幼儿产品商贝瑟·贝耐克称,她的产品从中国进口,但由于新关税政策导致税费飙升,她的企业不久将出现断货危机。贝耐克表示,对许多本土小企业来说,加征关税的政策带来的“不是阵痛,而是猝死”。

同样受到影响的还有中国外贸企业。温州制鞋科技企业德赛集团已经做外贸32年,总经理张文杰告诉新京报记者,“其实关税一开始10%地加,我们都是双方去协商,怎么一起去解决这个问题,但加到34%之后,这样的关税对于利润微薄的鞋服行业来说就进行不下去了,所以那时美国的订单已经停了。”

张文杰坦言,德赛的出口业务中32%面向美国,随着关税加征政策反复升级以来,德赛已暂停大部分对美出口业务。“有美国客户愿意加价30%,或考虑转口贸易,但鞋子90天的生产周期与政策不确定性,让这些方案都难以实施。美国客户也很着急,因为货架缺货将严重影响他们的品牌形象。”

━━━━━

面对关税风波,美企与中国保持合作关系

福尔曼在玩具行业摸爬滚打近40年,始终与中国供应商或制造合作伙伴保持着合作关系。

在与新京报记者视频连线时,福尔曼还是以那款经典的卡车玩具聊起了与中国结缘的过程。“这样一款玩具早年间是美国工厂制造,后来工厂一路从北往南搬,又漂洋过海,最后交由中国生产。”

福尔曼特别提到,2009年他创立BasicFun公司,得益于中国供应商的支持,公司才能顺利起步。现在,他在中国有数十家合作多年的供应商。面对当前的关税挑战,福尔曼表示这并非首次经历政策调整。像特朗普第一届总统任期的关税问题,我们商量着挺过来了,希望今年也能如此。

谈到具体的应对计划,福尔曼表示:“我们始终坚持在中国生产玩具,并将产品销往全球60多个国家。长远来看,我们要做的是持续拓展全球业务,建立更完善的分销网络,而不仅仅局限于中美之间的玩具往来。”

▲当地时间2025年4月9日,美国洛杉矶,货架上摆着从中国进口的玩具。图/ICphoto

福尔曼坦言,他也曾考察过其他国家的生产基地,但最终还是选择了中国,因为这里的企业家极具创新和敬业精神、政府能够提供技术和政策支持、产业工人和管理团队训练有素……中国不仅能够提供高质量、价格合理的产品,还几乎没有繁琐的手续。

“我认为,世界上没有哪个地方比这里更适合生产世界上大多数玩具。”

福尔曼告诉记者,眼下最紧迫的,还是希望能尽快解决高关税这个难题。毕竟,这对企业和消费者来说,都会是个不小的负担。

和福尔曼有同样选择的美国企业还有不少。据观察者网报道,美国竹纤维床上用品制造商MOSOPillow的创始人路德说,“现在,留在中国并让在中国的业务持续运转,是大家共同的策略。”近期,路德参加了一场美国企业家会议。他透露,和其他参会的企业家一样,自己并没有花时间寻觅新的合作伙伴,也没有考虑从中国转移业务。相反,他正与中国伙伴继续携手,寻找节省成本或开发新产品的方法。

而对于中国一些外贸企业而言,也在寻找应对方法。张文杰介绍,德赛集团与美国客户沟通暂停订单后迅速调整全球布局,利用迪拜、俄罗斯等海外分公司开拓中东、欧洲市场,在澳洲、南非也有业务线。最近,其他国家的订单已经在慢慢增长。

但无论如何,增加关税带来商品价格的提高,最终买单的还是消费者。在屏幕那头,福尔曼感慨:“消费者将要为商品支出更多。”

福尔曼说,面对当前严峻的关税形势,美国玩具协会正全力开展政府游说工作,呼吁对玩具产品实施关税豁免。

━━━━━

特朗普的制造业回流目标或难以达成

特朗普曾经表示,其关税政策将有助于制造业回归美国,但多方指出这一目标实现难度极大。

在玩具制造领域,福尔曼认为,仅有少数特定类型的玩具具备本土化生产的可能性,主要是那些注塑成型的玩具,比如有公司生产的体积庞大、运输成本高昂的塑料房屋和游乐场设施。

然而,对于绝大多数玩具产品而言,制造产业回迁面临双重困境。其一,美国生活成本和劳动力成本高昂。其二,美国没有太多可用的制造业劳动力。

美国社交媒体咨询公司FastForwardMarketing首席执行官赛勒斯·詹森指出,特朗普想将制造业工作岗位大规模带回美国很难。据他观察,美国花了数十年时间与中国建立供应链,中国制造的商品已进入美国千家万户,而所谓非中国商品也大量依赖中国零部件。

“美国企业在中国进行生产,也因此为美国消费者提供优质和价格合理的商品,让数百万美国人过上了更好的生活。”詹森表示,“可是特朗普没有意识到这点,现在整个局势对美国经济和美国人来说都是一场灾难。”

▲当地时间2025年4月12日,美国巴尔的摩港口堆积的集装箱。图/ICphoto

中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所副所长徐奇渊认为,美国制造业回流面临至少两大障碍:一方面,跨国企业的投资都是大手笔,可能需要多年才能实现投资回本,而美国政策具有不确定性,令跨国企业望而却步;另一方面,美国缺乏产业工人、缺乏生产的配套网络,美国现在的失业率在4.2%,从长期来看基本在充分就业水平。同时,现任政府还在驱赶移民。可以想象,即使资本来投资也缺乏劳动力。

中国人民大学重阳金融研究院研究员刘英对新京报记者表示,特朗普还希望通过关税“收钱”,以此来平衡美国与多国的巨额贸易赤字,并弥补超过36万亿美元的美国联邦政府债务。此外,特朗普还试图重塑以美国为中心的贸易体系。“结果可能与其目标背道而驰。”刘英说,特朗普第一任期实施过加征关税,但就中美贸易而言,两国的贸易额不降反增。而特朗普试图重塑的全球贸易体系目标并非通过降低关税壁垒实现多边共赢,而是建立以美国为中心的贸易体系,这种做法与现有多边贸易体制和国际贸易规则相悖,要实现是不现实的。

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