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  4月25日,雀巢官宣重大人事变动,宣布任命马凯思(KaisMarzouki)为大中华区市场负责人,此任命自2025年7月1日起生效。在此之前,马凯思带领雀巢菲律宾取得了显著的增长和业务的成功。

  同时,雀巢也表示,现任大中华区市场负责人张西强决定搬到上海以更多陪伴家人,并将在集团外寻求新的职业发展机会。张西强将于2025年7月1日卸任。我们感谢张西强对雀巢所做的贡献。(张奥)

  4月25日金融一线消息,财通证券日前发布关于独立董事无法履职的公告。公告显示,公司近日收到第四届董事会独立董事高强先生家属通知,高强先生目前因个人原因无法履职。高强先生为公司第四届董事会独立董事、薪酬与提名委员会主任委员、审计委员会委员,除此以外未担任公司其他职务。

  公开资料显示,高强,1960年9月出生,毕业于同济大学,工商管理硕士学位,高级经济师,1979年10月进入建行工作。历任建设银行浙江丽水地区分行党组成员、金温铁路专业支行行长,浙江省分行营业部副总经理,杭州市之江支行行长、浙江省分行杭州公司客户部兼省分行营业部总经理、浙江省分行公司业务部总经理,安徽省分行风险总监,安徽省分行副行长,山西省分行党委书记、行长。

  2015年,高强出任建设银行浙江省分行党委书记、行长,2020年初离任,并在同年10月当选财通证券独立董事。

  出品:新浪上市公司研究院

  文/夏虫工作室

  核心观点:蓝思科技一边定增募资项目延缓及腾挪募定增资金补流,一边又再次港股募资,其募投资金必要性是否存疑?值得注意的是,港股上市前夕,其现金分红力度达到历史顶峰,超六成的现金分红将流入实控人口袋。此外,公司苹果客户单一依赖的商业模式下,财报呈现出“两高一低”特征,即高资本性支出、高有息债务及低毛利率。若未来行业景气度下行或单一客户出现变故,公司业绩将会面临巨额折旧、财务费用及巨额资产减值计提等“三杀”风险。

  2025年以来,A股上市公司赴港股上市持续升温。根据公开资料不完全统计,已有超过30家A股上市公司递表或正式发布相关港股筹划上市公告。

  来源:公开资料,部分截图

  为何引发A股上市公司港股二次上市热潮?

  一方面,港股作为国际化资本市场,或有助于相关公司全球化业务布局。我们发现,多家公司在公告中都提到了“助力全球化发展”等理由。

  如3月12日,蓝思科技公告宣布,为进一步推进全球化战略布局,提升国际品牌形象,增强综合竞争力,公司拟发行境外上市外资股(H股)股票,并申请在港交所主板挂牌上市;4月20日晚,大族数控发布公告,公司拟发行H股股票并在香港联合交易所主板上市,其表示,此次筹划港股上市主要是基于公司长期发展规划,旨在深入推进公司全球化战略进程,加速境外资本平台建设,有效提升公司在国际市场的综合竞争力。

  另一方面,相关政策也支持港股二次上市。

  据悉,2024年4月,国务院出台《关于加强监管防范风险推动资本市场高质量发展的若干意见》,证监会基于此文件,与香港方面加强合作,推出五项措施以优化沪深港通机制,并助力香港提升其国际金融中心的地位,推动两地资本市场的协同发展。其中提到一项便是“支持内地行业龙头企业赴香港上市”。

  基于上述背景,我们将对相关港股拟上市或转H股上市公司进行深入复盘,看看相关标的质量究竟如何?港股二次上市募资又是否合理等等。

  来源:wind,部分截图

  募资必要性是否存疑?腾挪定增资金补流是否踩线

  近日,蓝思科技发布一季报,业绩可谓靓丽。公司2025年一季度实现营业收入170.63亿元,同比增长10.10%;归母净利润4.29亿元,同比增长38.71%;扣非归母净利润为3.78亿元,同比大幅增长60.99%。经营性现金流净额26.30亿元,同比增长29.59%。

  蓝思科技今年计划港股上市。

  3月12日发布公告称,筹划发行H股股票并在香港联交所上市。公司称将充分考虑现有股东利益及境内外资本市场情况,在股东大会决议有效期内(即经公司股东大会审议通过之日起24个月或同意延长的其他期限)择机完成本次发行上市。据公开资料,蓝思科技此次赴港上市有望在今年7月、8月完成,拟在香港IPO中筹资10亿至15亿美元。

  3月底,蓝思科技递表。蓝思科技发布公告称,公司已于2025年3月31日向香港联合交易所有限公司递交了发行境外上市外资股(H股)股票并在香港联交所主板挂牌上市的申请,并于同日在香港联交所网站刊登了本次发行的申请资料。

  值得注意的是,公司近年资产负债率水平持续下降,近年一季度降至37.69%,与高峰60%的水平相比显著下降。与此同时,公司一季报的货币资金与交易性金融资产合计超110亿元。

  我们进一步发现,公司港股上市前夕似乎加大投资分红力度,现金分红水平达到近十年最高,24年现金分红金额近20亿元,股利支付率达到54.74%。蓝思科技的实际控制人周群飞及其配偶郑俊龙,通过蓝思科技(香港)和长沙群欣,合计持有蓝思科技62.13%的股份。换言之,仅24年超12亿元的现金分红将流入实控人周群飞家族口袋。

  与此同时,我们发现,公司在定增募资时,其实际投资金额与募集后承诺投资金额的差额较大,且部分定增资金被补流方式腾挪。

  据公开资料,公司2020年12月通过定增方式发行人民币普通股5.896亿股,募集资金净额149亿元。然而,去年不仅变更相关募投项目使用资金,同时募投项目均遭延期。

  2024年4月,公司发布《关于募投项目延期及变更部分募集资金用途》公告:

  (1)将“长沙(二)园智能穿戴和触控功能面板建设项目”募集资金投入金额由原229,159.04万元调减至192,546.82万元,项目投资总额保持不变,调减的募集资金未来改用公司自有资金投入;同时将项目达到预定可使用状态日期由原2024年12月31日延长至2025年12月31日。

  (2)将“长沙(二)园车载玻璃及大尺寸功能面板建设项目”投资总额由原422,653.36万元减少至353,083.44万元,募集资金投入金额由原422,653.36万元调减至322,653.36万元,同时将项目达到预定可使用状态日期由原2023年12月31日延长至2025年12月31日。

  (3)将“长沙(二)园3D触控功能面板和生产配套设施建设项目”达到预定可使用状态日期由原2024年12月31日延长至2025年12月31日,

  (4)将“工业互联网产业应用项目”募集资金投入金额由原207,817.48万元调增至246,466.81万元,同时将项目达到预定可使用状态日期由原2023年12月31日延长至2025年12月31日。

  (5)将“补充流动资金项目”募集资金投入金额由原368,788.68万元增加至468,788.68万元。

  值得注意的是,公司此次变更募投资金补流后,补流资金占募投资金超过31%。上述变相腾挪定增资金用于补流是否违规?

  监管对于再融资企业募资补流的占比划出较为明确的红线,即除配股、发行优先股或董事会确定发行对象的非公开发行股票,以及部分满足轻资产、高研发投入特点的企业外,补充流动资金和偿还债务比例一般都需要控制在募集资金总额的30%以内。

  值得注意的是,创业板精测电子也同样出现过定增募资变更补流触发监管红线,在其再融资监管审核阶段,其主动将实际补充流动资金超出部分从最新募资金额中给与剔除,以符合监管规则。

  至此,我们疑惑的是,公司一边定增募资项目延缓及腾挪募定增资金补流,一边又再次港股募资,其募投资金必要性是否存疑?

  大客户依赖症呈现出“两高一低”:高资本性支出、高有息债务及低毛利率

  作为果链之一,公司大客户依赖病一直被市场诟病。2022年、2023年和2024年,来自前五大客户的收入分别为388.78亿元、452.82亿元和567.07亿元,分别占当年总收入的83.3%、83.1%和81.1%;其向最大客户为苹果公司,对应销售额分别为331.36亿元、315.12亿元和345.67亿元,分别占当年总收入的71.0%、57.8%和49.5%。尽管公司近年对苹果业务占比有所降低,但大客户依赖特征依然显著,仅苹果销售额收入占比在50%左右。

  在这种果链依赖下,公司财务数据呈现出“两高一低”的特征,即高有息债、高资本性支出及低毛利率。

  蓝思科技的毛利率由2020年的29.44%持续下降至2024年的15.89%,25年一季度进一步降至12.8%。

  毛利率持续走低,是否意味着公司相关定价权薄弱?事实上,苹果通过“二供”“三供”策略强化供应链竞争,典型案例如2017年引入京东方迫使三星大幅降价。数据显示,立讯精密、歌尔股份等均对苹果公司业务较为依赖,导致议价权完全倒向苹果。原材料成本上涨时,供应商难以转嫁压力,立讯精密消费电子业务毛利率从2018年的21%左右降至2023年的11%左右。

  对于蓝思科技的毛利率下降,公司给出了如下解释,公司称其毛利率下降,主要是销售业务的结构发生变化,组装业务的放量拉低了整体水平,结构件保持稳定。公司将通过整机组装业务持续推动产业链的垂直整合,提高生产效率和良率,保持毛利率的平稳。

  与此同时,蓝思科技的历年资本性支出持续维持高位,近年资本性支出长期维持在五六十亿水平。

  颇为巧合的是,作为果链的歌尔股份、立讯精密等同业也呈现出高资本性支出特征。

  业内人士表示,苹果订单具有强周期性(如新品发布前集中备货),迫使企业提前扩建产能。持续高资本性支出将使得公司承担较大这就摊销成本,在行业景气度上升可以对冲,一旦景气度下调或被踢出果链,公司将会遭遇巨额折旧费用吞噬。据悉,立讯精密固定资产从2012年的8.41亿元飙升至2022年的440.26亿元,但淡季产能利用率不足导致单位成本上升。歌尔股份2022年因AirPods订单变动计提超20亿元资产减值,资本开支效率低下问题凸显。

  蓝思科技2024年仅长期资产折旧摊销金额为46.71亿元,占同期净利润之比超过120%。

  巨额的资本性支出下,公司有息债务也不低。2025年一季度末,蓝思科技的有息债务超137亿元。值得一提的是,2024年公司的财务费用为3.84亿元,占当期净利润之比超10%。

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