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  来源:蓝鲸财经

(图片来源:视觉中国)

  随着我国人口老龄化进程加速,养老金融已成为国家战略中不可或缺的关键环节。政策红利与市场需求的叠加效应,推动养老金融迈入更成熟的发展阶段,逐步实现三支柱体系完善、产品多元化到服务适老化的全方位发展。

  作为多层次、多支柱养老保障体系的核心构成,养老保险产品通过直接触达终端客户的市场特性有不可替代的实践价值。第三支柱中已形成年金险、增额终身寿险、专属商业养老保险与长期护理保险等产品协同发展的矩阵,持续充实养老金融产品供给。

  然而行业仍面临结构性矛盾:产品同质化倾向显著、创新迭代动力不足、短期理财属性挤压养老保障功能等问题日益凸显,与我国持续扩容的养老金融需求形成供需错配。

  如何破解产品端“有效供给不足”的困局,构建精准适配中国式养老场景的创新型产品体系,已成为行业亟待突破的战略性课题。蓝鲸新闻将围绕这一话题刊发系列报道文章,进行深入探讨,以期为行业提供参考和建设性意见。本篇为第一篇,将围绕产品端现状和存在的问题展开。

  产品供需不匹配,年金险、增额寿险撑起主要市场

  发展养老金融,一大核心是要解决“钱从哪里来”的问题。

  眼下,银行理财、储蓄、基金、保险等产品,正在加速布局养老市场,对接居民资金需求。从养老服务金融产品的供给来看,主要涵盖商业年金险、终身寿险、专属商业养老保险、商业养老金、养老目标基金、特定养老储蓄产品、养老理财产品、住房反向抵押保险、养老信托产品等等。

  相较于其他金融产品,保险类养老金融产品在长期性、安全性和稳定性方面均具有优势,利用基于生命表的精算技术,通过终身领取、保证领取、灵活领取等多种形态设计,为客户提供养老资金规划。

  “养老保险产品的核心价值在于长期保障理念的践行,通过长期合同跨越周期,从职业生涯的早期到退休直至离世,提供全流程的保障。同时,核心功能在于实现风险转移,将个人生命周期中的不确定性导致的风险,通过保险转移给保险公司;其三还能够提供稳定的收入现金流”,新一站保险总经理姚俊在接受蓝鲸新闻采访时表述道。

  从目前的成绩单来看,据业内测算,第三支柱中包括政策支持下的商业养老金融产品总规模约8万亿元,主要以年金险、增额终身寿险“对接”养老需求。

  近年来,保险公司也在逐步优化产品设计,比如提升产品缴费方式、领取方式的灵活性,加强产品的增值和保障功能,提升收益的安全与稳健性,引入税收优惠政策、拓展多元服务,形成综合养老解决方案等等。

  但需看到,产品同质化严重,供需信息不对称等问题严重。这存在需求传导因素,姚俊认为,“消费者更多关注的是产品的缴费年限,缴费金额,多少年能够回本,收益率情况等,因此传导到产品,呈现同质化的特征。”

  随着人口结构的变化及消费者需求的多元化,商业养老保险产品会逐步去满足市场的多样化和个性化需求。从市场声音来看,定制化养老保险方案,如允许客户根据自身的风险偏好、投资目标,包括退休计划来定制产品的条款和投资组合的产品或成为创新方向。

  “大家现在先想着如何活下去“,有业内人士向蓝鲸新闻坦言称,小众化、定制化产品短期难有突破性落地。

  乐观的是,在养老规划中凸显保险价值,叠加“强制储蓄”“养老服务”“健康管理“等属性的专属商业养老保险、长期护理保险等强养老属性产品陆续发力,给市场带来更多想象空间。

  专属商业养老保险转为常态化经营,结算利率却滑坡

  从2021年6月,专属商业养老保险在浙江省(含宁波市)和重庆市开展试点,该产品在探索中逐步实现经营范围扩大、参与主体扩容,2023年10月,专属商业养老保险由试点迈向常态化经营。

  专属商业养老保险产品采取账户式管理,产品设计分为积累期和领取期,积累期采取保证加浮动的模式,保险公司提供定期、终身等多种养老金领取方式,除另有规定外,专属商业养老保险领取期限不得短于10年。

  目前,保险业协会产品信息库中共列有41款专属商业养老保险产品,目前在售产品14款,分别来自于中国人寿、人保寿险、工银安盛人寿、交银人寿、农银人寿、新华养老等保险公司。

  产品设立稳健回报型投资组合和积极进取型投资组合。稳健型投资组合账户最低保证利率为2%,主要配置长期固定收益类资产、少量配置具有投资价值的权益类资产;进取型投资组合账户最低保证利率为0%,灵活配置长期固定收益类资产和具有投资价值的权益类资产。

  国泰海通非银金融首席分析师刘欣琦认为,专属商业养老保险的领取可衔接养老、护理等服务,这将打通保险公司从为客户“赚取养老金”到“运用养老金”的长期财富管理规划,有望利好具备“产品+服务”体系布局更成熟的大型险企。

  不过,近两年,保险公司投资收益整体下滑的背景下,专属商业养老保险结算利率也在下行。记者统计的数据显示,2024年披露结算利率数据的产品稳健性账户结算利率处于2%-4.07%区间,中位数3.02%;进取型账户实现2.5%-4.12%,中位数3.15%。而在2023年,结算利率主要集中于3%-4%,稳健性、进取型账户结算利率最高值分别为4.15%、4.25%。2022年结算利率更是多集中于4-5.5%区间。

  但即便如此,专属商业养老保险仍优于同期万能险产品结算利率,具有竞争力。作为对接个人养老金产品的“主力”,伴随着个人养老金制度的全面实施,专属商业养老保险的市场受到的关注和期待也在持续提升。

  政策性长护险覆盖有限,商业性产品表现乏味

  随着养老需求与供给矛盾日渐突出,老年人对长期护理保障的需求大幅增长。长期护理保险,即是另一项精准对接养老需求的保险产品。

  政策性长护险起步于2016年,如今已实现49城落地,保险公司主要以经办方身份承担责任。据国家医保局数据,截至2024年底,长护险参保人数超过1.8亿人,累计260余万失能人员享受待遇,基金支出超800亿元。

  不过,基于我国超过4650万60岁以上失能老人的需求缺口,政策性长护险保障范围仍然有限,市场对商业长护险产品期待日益加强。

  从现状来看,尽管早已在2005年起步,但商业长护险发展尤为不足,据保险业协会产品信息库统计,目前健康险产品在售4654款,护理保险仅有573款,在售产品更是仅有165款。

  2023年5月,我国开启为期两年的寿险与长护险责任转换业务试点,人身险公司可根据投保人申请,将处于有效状态的人寿保险保单中的身故或满期给付等责任,转换为护理给付责任。为具有护理需求的消费者增加一种“变现”选择,也有助于在短时间内增加商业长护险的有效供给。

  目前,已有太平人寿、人保寿险、国宝人寿等险企推进落地,明确转换的具体产品和转换方法。以某头部保险公司转换产品的内容来看,投保人可以就同一份被转换合同多次申请办理转换业务,转换比例的取值范围为单次不低于10%,且累计不超过50%。

  记者从业内了解到,目前还有险企将长护险产品贴合税优政策创新。譬如,某保险公司推出首款税优长伴终身护理保险。被保险人确诊合同约定的10种特定疾病,或因意外事故导致的第1-3级伤残,一次性给付护理保险金,如身故也有保险金保障;投保年龄7天-70岁,覆盖年长人群。

  不过,眼下长护险多元化筹资方式尚未完全实现,也缺乏失能评定、照护服务等级等统一标准,以及照护人员培训等方面的问题,还需要从制度建设与产业发展两方面双管齐下一一破题。

  增值服务赋能,“反哺”各类产品

  在保险业内视角,不同于储蓄、理财、基金等传统金融产品,养老金融应该具备长期积累、跨期支付、保值增值等重要特征和功能,所以,发展养老金融应该要把握好功能定位,在顶层设计、激励政策以及产品服务的提供等各个方面,切实体现政策的一致性和目标的一致性。这也是养老保险产品进一步设计与创新的底层逻辑。

  “在政策支持下,养老金融产品的种类将更加丰富,包括养老储蓄、养老理财、养老保险、养老基金、商业养老金等。产品设计将更加注重长期性、稳健性和普惠性,以满足不同人群的养老需求。创新方向上,将更具针对性和精细化,会更加关注不同人群在积累期、领取期、风险偏好、流动性、附加服务等方面的差异化需求”,平安养老险相关负责人向记者分析道。

  养老金的价值,凸显于与养老消费的有效衔接。“养老金融产品同质化较强,养老服务较为单一,退休期将养老财富转向养老服务消费的工具不充分、渠道也不尽畅通。”

  市场的评价声音是督促,也是指向。保险公司作为参与养老金融的主要机构,需要在畅通养老金积累渠道的同时,推动在养老服务端的提质扩面。

  “不缺钱,但不知道在哪买到优质服务”,养老资金储备需求之外,老龄人口对于康养、护理、医疗等专业护理服务的需求日渐成为保险机构布局养老金融市场的关注重点。

  “以服务赋能产品,是在目前产品同质化严重现状下最为凸显差异化的方向”,一位业内人士从消费者观察角度提出,“除收益率外,增值服务确实能带给消费者更多的确定性和吸引力。”

  其实,养老服务对于产品的赋能,更多被放在“保险+健康”的整体议题下探讨,多年以来,保险业在产品之外“开拓”增值服务赛道,纷纷打造“保险+健康医疗生态圈”,体检服务、慢病管理、健康监测、健康咨询、陪诊、绿通等逐渐成为标配。

  而对于头部险企而言,多年来在一站式提供综合养老解决方案的赛道中角逐,推进医养产业合作与投资,进而反哺、赋能保险主业。其中,尤以养老社区、居家养老为重点布局方向。

  产品端之外,对于市场主体而言,如何推进强化养老服务端供给?下一篇文章,蓝鲸新闻记者将围绕该话题进行详细研讨。

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