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  4月25日金融一线消息,为从严监管万能险,推动万能险进一步回归保障本源,金融监管总局近日印发《关于加强万能型人身保险监管有关事项的通知》(以下简称《通知》)。

  《通知》坚持问题导向,聚焦保障功能有待强化、账户运作不规范、个别公司资金运用较为激进等突出问题,深挖问题根源,从制度上有针对性地治理。主要有以下内容:

  一是规范产品发展。允许保险公司在满足相应约束条件时,对万能险产品调整最低保证利率,有效防范利差损风险。同时,对期缴万能险适当提高基本保险费上限,鼓励发展长期万能险。二是进一步提升万能险保障水平。禁止保险公司开发五年期以下的万能险,鼓励通过合理调整退保费用、保单持续奖金等产品设计要素延长保单实际存续期限。三是强化万能险账户管理。全流程规范账户运作。要求公司根据账户真实投资情况合理审慎地确定万能险结算利率,严格规范特别储备的使用。四是强化万能险资金运用监管。强化集中度监管和非标投资监管,对万能险资金运用从严设置上限。强化关联交易监管,禁止通过多层嵌套、通道业务等方式开展不当关联交易。五是规范万能险销售行为。制定万能险销售“负面清单”,强化监督管理。

  《通知》有助于进一步规范万能险市场秩序,促进万能险持续健康发展。下一步,金融监管总局将抓好《通知》的贯彻落实,更好保障消费者权益。

4月24日,《国际金融报》记者梳理上述15家上市银行年报发现,多家机构2024年末累计发卡量、信用卡总消费额等业务指标缩水。同时,超半数机构信用卡业务不良率上行。回溯央行此前公布的支付系统运行数据,2022年末至2024年末两年时间,超7000万张信用卡“消失”。

受访专家指出,信用卡不良风险整体可控,信用卡透支贷款余额下降主要源于银行消费贷和数字支付业务的快速发展。在存量竞争的新发展阶段,银行应主动调整信用卡业务思路,从“营收中心”转向“客户服务中心”和“流量转化中心”,要更主动地融入数字支付的新业态。

资产质量承压

具体到业务数据,截至2024年末,从累计发行信用卡数量来看,6家国有大行里除农业银行未披露相关数据外,仅中国银行累计发卡量实现增长,由2023年末的14410.19万张增长2.66%至14794.04万张。

股份行中,尽管部分机构累计发卡量有所上升,但规模扩张的速度放缓。

以浙商银行为例,截至2024年末,该行信用卡累计发卡442.35万张,较年初增加19.51万张,而2023年度这一增长量为29.47万张。光大银行虽未披露累计信用卡数量,但截至2024年末,该行信用卡累计客户数量为5200.88万户,与上年末数据相比,客户增量为108.19万户,仅有2023年增量(328.03万户)的三分之一。

信用卡交易额方面,除去未披露具体数额的机构,至少10家银行交易额下滑,多家机构降幅达到两位数。

其中,光大银行的交易金额由前一年的2.37万亿元缩水至1.68万亿元,同比下降约29.25%。此外,华夏银行和中信银行2024年信用卡交易总额分别为8287.17亿元和2.44万亿元,同比分别下降15.89%和10.13%,业务收入分别下降3.11%和5.91%。

值得关注的是,15家银行信用卡业务资产质量整体承压,约六成机构信用卡透支不良率上浮。

记者注意到,工商银行信用卡透支不良率增幅最大,由去年底的2.45%增至3.50%。招商银行不良率尽管维持在1.75%未变,但信用卡不良余额由163.83亿元增至165.60亿元。也有银行不良率下行后仍在高位,兴业银行信用卡业务不良率由3.93%降至3.64%,仍是目前上市国有行、股份行中最高的。

复旦发展研究院助理研究员、复旦平安宏观经济研究中心主任助理石烁指出,信用卡业务进入存量竞争阶段,由于宏观经济进入调整周期,居民对于未来就业和收入预期偏弱,一定程度上冲击了个人使用信用卡的意愿,导致发卡量、消费金额等指标走弱。总体看来,商业银行的信用卡业务资产质量确实承受较大压力,但信用卡不良风险仍在可控范围内,并且银行业整体风险敞口仍然保持稳定。

“同时也应当看到,信用卡透支贷款余额下降主要源于银行消费贷和数字支付业务的快速发展。与信用卡业务相比,这些业务能够更好地与第三方支付平台深度整合,适应多样化的消费场景,联动银行多类型零售业务,从而形成新的业务增长点。”石烁进一步指出。

主动融入新业态

央行此前发布的《2024年支付体系运行总体情况》数据显示,截至2024年末,信用卡和借贷合一卡7.27亿张,同比下降5.14%,已连续三年呈下降趋势。对比2022年末的数据(7.98亿张),信用卡和借贷合一卡两年间消失7000多万张。2024年末,人均持有银行卡7.04张,其中,人均持有信用卡和借货合一卡0.52张,同比下降3.7%。

与此同时,过去两年间多家银行裁撤信用卡中心、取消信用卡IP联名、缩减信用卡积分权益,无不显示出信用卡业务正面临由量向质的转型。

素喜智研高级研究员苏筱芮指出,当前,信用卡行业面临信用消费市场竞争日益激烈、信用资产有所承压、金融消保工作不断细化等考验,正站在转型变革的十字路口。

“从内部看,信用卡过往发展较为粗放,自身产品创新功能有待提升。从外部看,信用卡还面临互联网大厂信用支付产品对场景流量端口的抢占,一些创新型信用付产品(如‘先囤后付’)也对传统信用卡业务造成一定挤压。”苏筱芮分析道。

相较互联网金融等同类竞品,在未来市场竞争中,银行信用卡业务有何优势可待挖掘和提升?在苏筱芮看来,相较互联网金融,信用卡一方面具备传统银行的知名品牌美誉度与来自消费者的天然信任优势,另一方面可以依托银行网点进行拓客,同时不少银行信用卡也有自身的独立APP,能够为用户提供更加丰富的信用卡服务体验。

石烁建议,在存量竞争的新发展阶段,银行应主动调整信用卡业务思路,从“营收中心”转向“客户服务中心”和“流量转化中心”,推动零售业务深度转型。

“作为20世纪80年代电子支付时代的产物,信用卡接连应对了互联网支付和移动支付的冲击,到今天必然要更主动地融入数字支付的新业态。”石烁进一步指出,“在业务运营上,应从地域性分中心模式转向大数据和云计算驱动模式,从而提升获客概率,增强消费场景适应性,改进存量客户精细化服务体验。在业务整合上,应主动打通信用卡与消费贷、理财金融产品、数字金融服务的‘流量渠道’,共享客源,打造融合性的使用场景,降低留客成本,提升信用卡对银行整体客户流量转化的贡献能力。”

  4月25日金融一线消息,中国人民银行临汾市分行日前披露的行政处罚决定信息公示表显示,山西蒲县农村商业银行股份有限公司因未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别,开立个人银行结算账户超期备案,提供虚假的或隐瞒重要事实的统计资料,受到警告并被罚款56.26万元。

  张某(时任山西蒲县农村商业银行股份有限公司行长、董事)、孟某华(时任山西蒲县农村商业银行股份有限公司反洗钱管理中心经理)二人对该行未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别负有责任,分别被罚款1.5万元。

  山西浮山农村商业银行股份有限公司因未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别,被罚款23.4万元。杨某民(时任山西浮山农村商业银行股份未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别有限公司行长、董事)、刘某(时任山西浮山农村商业银行股份有限公司法律合规部经理)二人对该行未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别负有责任,分别被罚款1.5万元。

  山西翼城农村商业银行股份有限公司因未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别,被罚款23.3万元。李某飞(时任山西翼城农村商业银行股份有限公司行长、董事)、李某华(时任山西翼城农村商业银行股份有限公司反洗钱办公室主任)二人对该行未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别负有责任,分别被罚款1.5万元。

  山西隰县农村商业银行股份有限公司因未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别,被罚款23.4万元。曹某慧(时任山西隰县农村商业银行股份有限公司行长、董事)、史某丽(时任山西隰县农村商业银行股份有限公司运营管理部经理)二人对该行未按规定开展持续的客户身份识别负有责任,分别被罚款1.5万元。

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