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文|恒心

来源|博望财经

扫地机器人“领头羊”石头科技正站在十字路口。

据官网显示,石头科技成立于2014年,后于2020年2月在上交所科创板挂牌上市,目前主要从事智能扫地机器人等智能清洁产品的设计、研发、生产和销售业务。

如今,面对行业内卷、利润困局及股东减持三面围墙,石头科技的生存空间被不断压缩。

首先是行业内卷加剧,业内价格战白热化。据其最新财报显示,技术迭代趋缓与跨界竞争加剧导致毛利率持续下滑,境内毛利率降1.56个百分点,境外跌6.74个百分点,研发投入激增56.93%却难抵成本压力。

其次是增收不增利矛盾凸显。虽然2024年营收同比增长38.03%至119.45亿元,但归母净利润却同比下降3.64%,销售费用狂飙接近30亿元,拖累整体盈利。

最后是资本撤离引发信任危机。创始人昌敬高位套现近9亿元后仍呼吁“耐心”,一度被股民顶上热搜。此外,多名股东也大量减持石头科技,其中,“小米系”顺为资本更是清仓退出。

种种不利信号引发连锁效应,导致二级市场恐慌。截止2025年4月14日收盘,石头科技的股价跌至188.98元/股,较2024年最高点的333.5元/股缩水逾四成。雪上加霜的是,美国对华清洁电器加征关税的政策落地,导致北美市场利润率进一步承压。

但有一点是值得肯定的,那就是石头科技与AI深度绑定。据《证券之星》报道,石头科技相关人士表示,“推出的新品已经融入了AI功能,旨在提升产品的清洁体验”。具体来看,这些AI功能包括RRmindGPT,它使得产品能够实现智慧交互,为用户提供更加便捷、智能的操作体验;以及ReactiveAI功能,它能够实现动态避障,让扫地机器人在复杂家居环境中更加灵活、高效地工作。

行业内卷加剧,技术同质化与价格战的双面夹击

全球扫地机器人市场正在经历前所未有的内卷风暴。

据国际数据公司(IDC)数据显示,尽管全球智能扫地机器人市场2024年全年出货同比增长11.2%至2060.3万台,但第四季度出货量增速仅7.8%,较前三季度明显放缓。聚焦于石头科技,2024年虽以16%的销量份额和22.3%的销额份额登顶全球第一,却不得不面对一个残酷现实:行业正从技术同质化向创新驱动跃迁,价格战的红海不仅仍未退去,反而竞争手段日益激进。

头部玩家的追觅科技通过仿生多关节机械手和具身智能大模型强化自主决策能力,云鲸智能则推出智能擦窗机器人,石头科技虽以ReactiveAI3.0动态避障技术和五轴折叠仿生机械臂(G30Space)构建差异化,但竞品在视觉导航、自清洁等领域的突破,仍不断稀释其先发优势。更棘手的是,国内市场扫地机器人渗透率与欧美市场差距显著,而“以旧换新”政策退潮后,需求增速可能断崖式下滑。

行业内卷加剧的结果是毛利率承压。据财报显示,石头科技境内毛利率同比下滑1.56个百分点至46.49%,境外市场更因关税波动与渠道成本攀升,毛利率暴跌6.74个百分点至53.7%。

为维持市场份额,石头科技采取了激进的“以价换量”策略。2024年下半年,其主力机型Q7Max系列通过“老品降价+减配促销”实现价格跳水,标价569欧元的产品实际售价降至419欧元,降幅达26%-27%。这一策略虽推动国内线上渠道销售额同比增长104%,但直接导致毛利率下滑。更严峻的是,科沃斯、追觅科技等竞品同步跟进降价,行业盈利空间持续收窄,陷入“规模增长但利润缩水”的恶性循环。

不仅如此,石头科技的技术短板在专利诉讼中暴露无遗。2024年石头科技因仿生机械臂技术涉嫌抄袭追觅科技,被法院裁定在德国市场禁售相关产品,导致欧洲市占率暴跌。与此同时,追觅科技推出的毫米级避障功能等产品创新,进一步挤压了石头科技的技术护城河。

业绩增收不增利,规模扩张下的利润漏斗

2024年,石头科技交出了一份“营收大涨、归母净利润下滑”的矛盾答卷。

据财报显示,2024年石头科技营收同比增长38.03%至119.45亿元,但归母净利润却同比下降3.64%至19.77亿元。这一“增收不增利”的困局,折射出石头科技规模扩张背后的成本失控。

石头科技成本结构恶化明显。2024年营业成本激增49.38%,销售费用暴涨73.23%,显示“以价换量”策略的边际效益递减。智能扫地机及配件毛利率下滑2.87个百分点至52.07%,境外市场毛利率更暴跌6.74个百分点至53.7%。关税压力、原材料涨价及汇兑损失成为利润杀手。

如此庞大的销售费用,石头科技用来大搞营销宣传。为抢占热点流量,石头科技广告支出达19.24亿元,占销售费用比重约65%。然而可惜的是,高曝光并未带来预期转化。更危险的信号是,销售费用增速接近营收增速的两倍。

此外,石头科技还多试多错,虽然在洗衣机等业务上投入大量资金,但却因质量问题引发多起投诉。

据黑猫投诉【下载黑猫投诉客户端】平台显示,截止2025年4月14日,通过检索“石头科技”,涉及的诉讼量高达近2000条,产品质量问题成为“重灾区”。例如一位消费者反映,“在石头科技购买石头机器人g20,订单时间在2023年5月,过了一年就出现大量的问题,回程故障、回洗功能故障导致洗布模式的水排到集尘盒里,污水桶的水箱一点水都没有。app提示故障,一直反复提示添加净水,净水桶的水箱是满的返修过两次还未解决,这次又重新送回返修。”

事实上,这只是石头科技产品质量的冰山一角。

资本撤离连锁反应,减持潮下的信任危机与治理隐忧

自2020年上市以来,石头科技创始人昌敬及“小米系”顺为资本等早期投资者,通过多轮减持套现合计超百亿元。

2024年,石头科技顺利成为A股“减持王”。

就拿创始人昌敬为例,可谓是精准减持,累计套现8.88亿元。2023年3月-9月,首次减持131.24万股,套现3.92亿元,均价291-380元/股;2024年6月,又通过大宗交易减持131.58万股,套现4.96亿元,均价376.88元/股。最有趣的是,每次减持后昌敬均发布“不减持承诺”,但承诺期一结束即重启减持。昌敬更是被贴上“双标”的标签,石头科技股价下跌时,仍强调“转型需耐心”,但其个人已减持套现。

其余股东减持也紧随其后。自2016年B轮领投后,“小米系”顺为资本持股9年,2024年四季度持股比例从5.41%降至清仓,按当时股价估算套现约10亿元;联合创始人毛国华2021年套现25亿元后,2024年四季度再减持0.12%,持股比例降至1.2%;香港中央结算全年减持956万股。

行业内卷、利润困局与股东减持,如同三面围墙压缩石头科技生存空间,此时的AI技术,则是破墙而出的关键钥匙。

这场AI时代的破卷之战,石头科技能否取得胜利,尚需市场给出答案,我们拭目以待。

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