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同样执行"单聚焦、多品牌、全渠道"的战略,安踏将国际化并购与本土化运营成功融合,各品牌既保持独立调性又形成协同效应,2024年净利润增速超50%。而奥康国际(维权)的多品牌布局却陷入定位重叠、资源分散的困境,最终导致亏损加剧。

曾经,奥康以"皮鞋大王"的姿态傲立中国市场。然而自2015年起,传统商务皮鞋的光环渐褪,年轻一代的消费偏好转向运动休闲与时尚舒适。奥康的转变却显得沉重而迟缓,其业绩也逐步在消费变革的浪潮中消蚀。

4月15日,浙江奥康鞋业股份有限公司(证券代码:603001.SH,证券简称奥康国际)发布年度报告。2024年,公司营业收入为25.39亿元,同比下降17.74%;归母净利润为-2.16亿元,去年同期为-9327.89万元,亏损扩大。

数据来源:wind

近三年来,奥康国际累计亏损额已达6.79亿元。巨额亏损背后,是需求端坍塌、多品牌战略溃败、现金流恶性循环、高管团队损害公司利益多因素共同作用的结果。

奥康国际拥有“奥康”和“康龙”两个自有品牌,并于2015年开始代理美国运动休闲品牌“斯凯奇”,2017年开始代理运动品牌“彪马”。实施以“奥康”品牌为主,“康龙”、“斯凯奇”、“彪马”等品牌为辅的多品牌运营模式。

然而主品牌“奥康”正遭遇时代的狙击。快时尚品牌以快速响应市场变化和较低的价格获取消费者的喜爱,对传统品牌提出了极大挑战。当运动鞋市场狂飙突进,皮鞋市场却在零增速边缘徘徊。

“奥康”自身对于市场响应速度偏慢也是导致被边缘化的重要因素。奥康国际虽然宣称建立了全渠道运营体系,但运营方式仍十分依赖传统门店。当竞争对手纷纷押宝电商直播、社交营销时,奥康的线上渠道占比还仅徘徊在20%左右。

数据来源:公司公告

奥康国际的另一个遗憾是副品牌均未能形成第二曲线,对业绩贡献仍十分有限。“康龙”虽想走年轻路线,但始终缺乏年轻化、时尚化的转型,未能清晰界定目标人群。

斯凯奇曾凭借"熊猫鞋"等爆款产品和综艺营销成功出圈,但在专业运动领域的技术积累不足,导致品牌热度难以持久,在激烈的市场竞争中逐步掉队。这一颓势在渠道拓展上体现得尤为明显:2015年奥康国际获得代理权时曾高调宣布"五年千店"计划,然而十年过去,“斯凯奇”门店数量仍停留在寥寥数百家。

“彪马”是奥康国际中价格带最高的品牌,本是公司最有希望硬刚国内、国际大牌的副线。但在运动品牌市场格局中,前有耐克、阿迪达斯构筑的专业技术壁垒,后有李宁、安踏等国潮品牌的创新突围。而“彪马”的核心科技近乎停滞,在专业运动领域的存在感薄弱,时尚化转型又缺乏辨识度,导致品牌被困在专业和潮流之间的"中间地带",逐渐隐身。

同样执行"单聚焦、多品牌、全渠道"的战略,安踏将国际化并购与本土化运营成功融合,各品牌既保持独立调性又形成协同效应,2024年净利润增速超50%。而奥康国际的多品牌布局却陷入定位重叠、资源分散的困境,最终导致亏损加剧。

2024年,“奥康”品牌营收占比67%,而“康龙”和“斯凯奇”营收占比分别只有7%和10%,“彪马”未单独披露。“康龙”营收同比下滑幅度接近40%,毛利率损失了3个百分点;斯凯奇营收同比下降18%,毛利率同比下降4个百分点。

数据来源:公司公告

毛利率的全线下滑导致奥康国际各品牌的店效均面临压力。2024年奥康国际共关闭门店637家,同比增加92%。门店数量净减少211家,同比下滑9%。

数据来源:wind

运营能力弱于同行,高管团队非法占用资金

品牌力的缺失导致奥康国际严重的库存积压和回款效率低下问题。

奥康国际2024年存货周转天数为174天,较上年增加16天。意味着从原料采购到成品销售需要近半年时间,远高于皮鞋同行红蜻蜓和运动品牌安踏。超长的存货周转可能导致部分当季新品变成次年滞销品,存货减值风险几何级增长。2024年奥康国际存货跌价准备达5862.85万元,计提比例为8.01%。

数据来源:wind

此外,奥康国际过度依赖线下门店和经销商,宽信用泛滥。当行业加速向DTC直营、柔性供应转型时,奥康仍固守传统模式,导致应收账款和坏账积压。2024年公司应收账款周转天数为126天,较上增加14天,其中一年以上应收账款占比高达52%。按照账龄组合计提坏账准备1.65亿元,计提比例16.75%。

数据来源:wind

高于同行的存货和应收账款周转天数不仅提示了财务指标的异常,更是奥康国际商业模式落后的缩影。唯有将运营效率提升与商业模式创新相结合,才能打破当前双重低效形成的"资金黑洞"。

近年诸多老国货品牌浴火重生,证明商业模式一时的落后并不可怕,怕的是清醒地沉沦。2021年至2023年4月,奥康国际原董事长王振滔利用上市公司影响力,与经销商协商,经销商将货款汇入王振滔控制的其他企业,导致经销商回款至上市公司的时间滞后,且未按规定及时披露。

对此,2024年上交所对时任董事长王振滔,时任总经理王进权,时任董事会秘书、财务总监翁衡予以行政处罚及公开谴责。

奥康国际高管集体谋私、侵占经销商回款的行径,或暴露了其根本无心经营企业的真实面目。这种系统性的监守自盗,直接导致公司现金流恶化、经营困境,损害广大中小投资者利益。公司股价从2021年最高点9.83下滑至现在的5.29,减少46%;净利润更是由盈转亏。与此形成反差的是,2024年王振滔个人薪酬却上涨了35%至85万元。

2024年7月,原董事会秘书、财务总监翁衡离职,给王振滔之子王晨让位。然而,此前王晨个人简历中并无任何财务相关经验。2024年12月,董事长王振滔和总经理王进权也双双离职,公司权力均交由王晨一人之手。

注:以上人物系奥康国际代董事长、董事、副总裁、董事会秘书、CFO王晨

王振滔等人辞职的真正意图或是转战半导体赛道。2024年12月,奥康国际筹划购买联和存储科技(江苏)有限公司股权,并于24日停牌。但此次交易的最终交易条件未能达成一致,这场半导体跨界以失败告终,还导致公司股价在复牌后连续三日跌停。

跨界折戟后,奥康国际必须谨慎面对库存积压、渠道涣散、品牌老化的局面,留给二代接班人的是一盘险象环生的残棋。奥康国际能否跳出传统桎梏,激活渠道、唤醒品牌,需看新一代掌舵者的能力与决心。

作者|毛墨竹

编辑|吴雪

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