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Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

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Deprecated: strpos(): Non-string needles will be interpreted as strings in the future. Use an explicit chr() call to preserve the current behavior in /www/wwwroot/4-17ll.com/label.php on line 82

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关税壁垒的升级,对于一直在出海寻求新增长点的家电企业来说,无异于“当头一棒”。

尽管各大家电上市公司纷纷表态,其产品在美国市场的占有率不高,但此轮“关税博弈”已经明显不仅仅关乎美国市场,各个国家都在这场“关税大战”中寻求自己的利益。

不可否认,美国仍旧是中国家电企业出口大户,但中国的家电企业也在全球积极布局,东南亚、墨西哥、埃及、巴西,全球都能看到中国家电企业的工厂和产业链,并且其产品在各地均有很高的市占率。

这场博弈才刚刚开始,中国家电企业的危与机都会在其中彰显出来。

“加征关税影响不大”

近几年,对家电公司来说,海外市场正在贡献着越来越大的营收规模。

根据美的集团2024年年报显示,其海外销售额占公司总营收40%以上,产品覆盖全球超200个国家和地区,其中自有品牌(OBM)业务收入占智能家居海外收入比例突破40%。

海尔智家海外市场营业收入达1438.14亿元,同比增长5.43%,其中在欧洲销量同比增长1.8%;新西兰白电进口量与同期持平。新兴市场中,南亚同比增长21.05%;东南亚同比增长14.75%;中东非同比增长38.25%。

但随着美国在全球推出“对等关税”政策,中国家电企业对美国的出口将面临非常大的压力。早在此前2019年“301条款”就已经生效的25%关税,以及今年一季度接连两次加征的10%关税,中国出口至美国的家电产品关税已经高达45%。

以白电为例,根据产业在线数据测算,加征后,我国对美出口白电产品综合税率在22%-47%左右。其中,家用空调综合税率45%以上,冰箱、冷柜税率达到45%-46.9%,洗衣机因历史反倾销豁免与产业调整,税率调整至21.8%-28.9%。如果再叠加加征的34%的关税,使得家电出口的税率来到近80%。

4月10日,这一税率进一步提高至125%。多家家电企业公开表态,称其业务与美国市场的绑定并不深。

美的集团称,目前公司业务遍及200多个国家和地区,其中美国收入占比较低。公司在海外设有22个研发中心和23个主要制造基地,遍布北美、南美、亚太、欧洲、中东非等区域的十多个国家,未来还将持续拓展海外制造布局,推动海外新工厂的建设与投产。

格力电器则表示,目前公司产品已服务于190多个国家和地区,尤其在中东、欧洲、东南亚等市场实现持续稳定增长,美国市场占比不高。

除此之外,海尔、海信、长虹、创维、TCL等家电企业均表达了自身在美国的业务占比较低,并表达了开拓新市场的意愿。

即便如此,美国依然是中国白家电最大的出口市场。2024年中国家电产品累计出口1286.4亿美元,同比增长14.8%,其中对美国出口约235亿美元,位居第一位。

对此,申万宏源研究家电首席分析师刘正告诉《凤凰WEEKLY财经》:“经历了2019年贸易摩擦之后,中国家电出口对美依赖度已经持续大幅下降。根据产业在线数据,2024年三大白电出口市场对北美市场依赖已降至8.6%,其中空调对美国销量占出口比例降至6.9%,美国3.4亿人口消费市场不能全部代表海外60多亿人口的消费市场。”

奥维云网总裁郭梅德表示:“受到2019年以来美国针对中国的贸易冲突,像电视这样的产能已经从中国转移出去,当前主要电视品牌和代工厂出口较少从中国直接出口到美国,多从墨西哥或东南亚的电视工厂出货美国,因此即便再对中国增加巨额关税,对所在地中国生产的电视出口影响较小。但是,墨西哥和东南亚地区若被增加关税,涉及到产业链的再次转移,受到的影响将是颠覆性的。”

除此之外,在进口方面,家电产业的配件也会受到关税的影响,一家佛山家电企业人士告诉《凤凰WEEKLY财经》:“部分配件进口会受到一定影响,可以通过压缩供应链和终端提价对冲,整体影响并不大。”

“中国家电产业具有全球最大的产能优势,中国本土产能占全球比例,空调是81.4%,冰箱冰柜是60.6%,洗衣机是60.6%,另外照明设备、小家电的60%以上、彩电的70%以上、零部件的80%以上都是在中国本土生产。”刘正称。

香颂资本执行董事沈萌也表示:“家电产业的供应链国产化率较高,除了极少数核心部件外,基本全部实现自主化,所以关税并不会对供应链产生更多影响。”

而对于需要进口的部件,郭梅德表示:“以电视面板为例,行业内对加税已有预期,相比于前几次增加关税,电视企业已经提前准备。去年第四季度以TCL、海信为代表的中国电视企业已经提前备货,策略性地加大面板采购量。根据奥维睿沃数据,头部电视整机厂面板采购量显著高于去年同期,原本2025年Q2面板采购计划维持积极态势,但是随着电视企业和渠道库存的大幅增加,因此整机厂维持当前的采购计划,面临较大的库存风险。”

转口贸易变局?

根据中国机电进出口商会家电分会秘书长周南的对外表述,2024年前11个月,中国对墨西哥、巴西、泰国、阿联酋、越南、沙特阿拉伯等中南美洲、东南亚、中东地区的白家电出口同比增幅分别达32.6%、53.9%、23.7%、16.2%、14.1%、15%。

从结构性看,中国家电企业正在逐步摆脱对美国出口的依赖。

“现在美国的谈判小组跟各国的关税谈判,要求其第一堵截来自中国的转口贸易。第二个要求把关税的贸易利差消减一半或者以上,那么这些国家要么减少出口给美国,要么多进口美国产品,各个国家只能够把原来向别人进口的份额让给美国。”汇生国际资本总裁黄立冲告诉《凤凰WEEKLY财经》。

这对出海的家电企业带来了一定的不确定性,一位业内人士向《凤凰WEEKLY财经》表示:“虽然现在是美国率先发起的加征关税,各国为了对冲美国关税风险也会随之调整各自的政策,目前对非美市场的海外销售或许影响并不显著,但未来各国都在调整政策时,负面冲击可能才会更突出。”

在黄立冲看来,未来迫于关税压力,各个国家可能都会降低对中国产品的进口额度。对于家电企业,把整条供应链搬到东南亚,在当地生产,增加在当地销售,这条路是可行的。但如果是在中国生产,在海外国家做最后工序,然后转口美国或者其他国家就走不通。对于各个国家而言,只有整条供应链和生产链价值产生全出海,才能够避免贸易障碍。

根据公开报道,近两年中国家电企业多选择在东南亚、墨西哥等地建厂的方式出海,很大程度上便是为了规避关税风险,通过中间品贸易绕道出口欧美,比如中国家电企业在越南建厂生产的家电产品,留在当地销售的仅占很小一部分比例,有70%-80%规模都是转口向欧美市场的。

美的集团越南工厂图

/美的集团官微

“企业如果能获得本地的原产地证,那么是可以按照所在国家的关税向美国出口的,要获得原产地证必须有60%以上的价值产生在那个国家。以前这方面各个国家查得不严,甚至可以造假,未来这方面会逐渐收紧。”上述行业人士表示。

沈萌也表示:“未来要看所在国的关税税率,以及原产地认证。”

实际上,对于转口贸易的追溯早已开始。特别是在东南亚国家,越南、泰国、马来西亚等中资企业密集的东南亚国家,纷纷开始对本国境内的中资工厂进行稽查,责令不符合该国原产地证申请要求的中资企业整改,增加在该国产生的产品价值比例,以达到35%至45%不等的硬性要求。

一位从事跨境贸易的人士告诉《凤凰WEEKLY财经》:“转口贸易是可以实施的,但是要看哪个国家,怎么转口,比如说香港、东南亚现在也受到美国针对,而且转口贸易要有一定的投入,海外需要设立公司主体,除非利润比较高,量比较大,才划算。”

对于美的、海尔这样的大企业,近几年的出海都是以自主品牌拓展海外市场,通过并购和本地化运营建立全球渠道,并且这些家电龙头已经在当地市场占据领先位置。

2024年美的系冰箱产品在马来西亚、沙特、智利等国家取得市场份额第一,在越南、泰国等国家提升至市场份额第二;美的系洗衣机产品在马来西亚和沙特的市场份额分别达到第一和第二;家用空调产品在巴西、埃及的市场份额连续多年位居第一。

海尔在亚洲市场零售量排名第一,市场份额25.9%;在北美洲排名第一,市场份额24.5%;在澳大利亚及新西兰排名第一,市场份额15.9%;在西欧排名第三,市场份额8%。

但对于中小品牌来说,未来的压力会很大,特别是很多小家电企业以代工的方式出海。

根据中国家电网报道,小家电企业很多在越南建厂都是以代工业务为主,本来利润空间就低,这次加征“对等关税”后,从国内直接出口和从越南出口相比,有约10%的税差,但基于两地供应链生产效率差异,可以说两种出口形势成本压力已经不相上下了。

刘正表示,“中国企业的海外生产基地所在地区的关税只要跟大陆地区的关税存在差额就有套利空间,产业竞争归根到底是供应链、效率、创新能力及成本的综合竞争,中国家电企业在这些方面具有全球竞争力。”

作者|傅林林 编辑|曹蓓

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