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  ► 文 观察者网 阮佳琪

  美国总统特朗普的关税乱拳开打,将引发一个意想不到的“收获”——美国人在中餐馆要吃不上地道的中国菜肴了。

  《华盛顿邮报》17日报道称,特朗普的关税谬政正让美国的中餐馆老板们陷入两难:他们的招牌菜严重依赖只能从中国进口的特色食材,在难以负担的高额关税面前,中餐馆只有精简菜品、提高售价、替换原料等为数不多的选择,以求在愈发微薄的利润空间中继续生存。

  报道指出,餐饮业本身就是利润率最低的行业之一,通常只有3%到5%的利润。随着关税侵蚀利润底线,这些利润空间很可能会进一步缩小。尤其那些只经营一家门店且不提供酒水(通常酒水是菜单上利润最高的)的中餐馆外卖店,将在这场冲击中尤为脆弱。

  关税也不仅影响食品成本,对于那些主要从中国进口的非食品类餐饮必需品,比如外卖袋、餐盒、调料包和丁腈手套等,同样未能幸免于难。

  雪上加霜的是,按照中餐菜谱华裔作者周晓晴(Hsiao-ChingChou)的说法,中餐馆还面临着一股特殊的压力,他们需要在满足食客对地道中餐风味的期待与保持价格亲民之间取得平衡。

周晓晴(右下)在西雅图与家人欢庆农历新年。 美国驻华大使馆

  根据全美餐馆协会(NRA)的数据,美国70%的县都有亚洲餐馆,它们通常是中国餐馆,其次是日本餐馆和泰国餐馆。

  “无论你去到美国的哪里,哪怕是最小的城镇,都能找到一家中餐馆,”周晓晴说,“中餐已经以各种不同的方式和层次,深深融入了美国人生活中不可或缺的一部分。”

  行业分析师指出,这种变化的根源在于多个方面:移民潮的影响、人口结构的持续变动,以及美国人借由烹饪节目与社交媒体,广泛接触到多元文化与美食等因素。

  NRA的首席经济学家、知识与研究高级副总裁查德・穆特雷(ChadMoutray)说,近年来,美国人的口味明显更加国际化了。“消费者喜欢尝试新事物,辛辣食品和东南亚美食是这些流行趋势中的热门选择。”

  美媒称,这种追求国际化口味的潮流,让像中国辣椒酱这样极具本土风味、难以复刻替代的调味品进入了主流市场,但如今旺盛的需求一头撞上了全球贸易战。

  在美国推出的的中国辣椒酱品牌“FlyByJing”,其创始人高静(JingGao)在发给《华盛顿邮报》的一封电子邮件中表示,她的产品所用原料,包括豆豉、贡椒、二荆条辣椒和冷榨熟菜籽油,都只能在中国四川生产,而这些独特食材是她的产品能够在市场脱颖而出的关键。

  高静批评称,关税不仅威胁到她品牌的发展,而且“在美国人最需要的时候,剥夺了他们接触和欣赏不同文化的便捷方式”。

  在弗吉尼亚州北部城市费尔法克斯的严师傅(ShunheYan),也做的是川菜生意。他习惯囤积制作四川火锅底料的原料,或是像豆瓣酱这样的食材。由于用量很大,他都是通过集装箱业务进口食材。

  严师傅说,他目前的库存还能维持六到七个月,所以他暂时还没感受到关税带来的压力。不过他的供应商已经警告他,下次订货时,价格将会“大幅”上涨,“从长远来看,关税会压缩利润。”

  他也听到一些中餐馆同行的抱怨,由于关税对预算造成了极大影响,这些老板们正在纠结削减菜品和人手。严师傅说,目前他还不打算这么做,他希望继续保持菜单不变,同时保证食材质量和菜品分量,这样在其他餐馆涨价的时候,他就能拥有竞争优势。

严师傅的川菜馆官网所展示的菜单。

  美媒称,在一些餐饮行业的资深人士看来,餐馆老板们现在处境艰难,他们就像夹在三明治中间的夹心层,既要面对供应端成本的上升,又要满足顾客对菜品质量的期望。

  在当前菜单价格已经比新冠疫情前高出30%的情况下,对通胀和经济衰退日益担忧的美国消费者,又很难接受更高的用餐成本,涨价势必会影响客流量。

  旧金山一家中餐馆的合伙人对《旧金山纪事报》说,“尽管价格上涨还没有完全显现出来,但他们(美国食客)可能已经有所察觉。或许用‘吓坏了’来形容更贴切。”

  在华盛顿开中餐馆“幸运危险”(LuckyDanger)和“老板饺子”(LaobanDumplings)的马老板(TimMa)预计,一些餐馆可能会通过削减菜单上的菜品和精简库存食材,来应对价格压力。然而,从长远看,他们终究难以避免地会面临两种结局:要么提高菜品价格,要么降低菜品质量。

  “我们将不得不减少优质食材的用量,但顾客是能吃出其中差别的。”马老板说,随着关税压力持续存在,中餐馆可能需要更换成本更低的食材。他曾经更换了酱油品牌,但“每个人都能立刻察觉到(食材的不同)”。

  马老板还提到,一些具有特定文化特色的美食,比如中餐、墨西哥餐和泰国餐,还背负着一种刻板印象,它们往往被认为就应该是“便宜、油腻、量大管饱的”。

  “我们现在更深受这种刻板印象的困扰,因为大家觉得我们的菜就应该便宜,但我用的还是同样的食材,同样的熟练劳动力,(可成本上涨了很多)。”他说。

  在唐人街经营米其林星级中餐厅的布兰登(BrandonJew),还在担心另一个问题:中餐在美国认知所受的影响。

  “上次特朗普当总统时,我们就在做生意,所以我最担心的是(美国政客又开始炒作)‘中国不好’的言论,以及这种言论对唐人街和中餐的影响,”他补充说,“我已经感觉到,很多时候我都在与中餐的价值理念作斗争。”

  加拿大央行行长TiffMacklem指责美国总统特朗普引发的关税冲突对该国的经济造成“严重”损害。

  “自今年1月以来,美国的贸易政策发生了重大转变,不确定性急剧增加。现在,针对加拿大的关键产业以及美国的其他所有贸易伙伴都实施了新的关税。加拿大以及全球的金融市场都经历了大幅的重新定价,并且仍然波动剧烈,”他说道。

  Macklem说:“我认为每个人都在关注白宫每天发布的公告,并且看到了美国贸易政策反复无常、难以预测的走向。” 

  Macklem表示,特朗普的行为是一场百年一遇的冲击,可能会使加拿大陷入长达一年的经济衰退,这可能意味着通货膨胀加剧、失业率上升、供应链中断,以及“一些出口商”宣布破产。

  他说,这使得央行的核心职能——试图预测经济走势并相应地调整政策和贷款利率——“实际上几乎毫无用处”。

  尽管如此,Macklem还是提出了两种情景。第一种情景是,“大部分新关税通过谈判得以取消”,但经济增长会陷入停滞,然后在仍然疲软的经济环境中“适度”复苏。

  “在第二种情景中,我们假设贸易冲突长期持续,那么经济后果将十分严重……而且加拿大经济将陷入为期一年的衰退。经济增长在2026年逐渐恢复,但在2027年仍会较为疲软,因为美国的关税将永久性地降低加拿大的潜在产出,并降低我们的生活水平。”

  Macklem补充道:这些情景只是众多可能性中的两种。

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